HIP MSAK
This hip motion occurs in the frontal plane and is produced primarily by the gluteus medius.
Hip abduction
This test assesses ACL integrity by pulling the tibia anteriorly at 20–30° of knee flexion.
Lachman test
This small round bone embedded in the quadriceps tendon improves knee extension mechanics.
Patella
This dorsiflexor originates on the lateral tibia and inserts on the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal.
Tibialis anterior
Palpate just medial to the tibial tuberosity to feel the insertion of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus.
Pes anserine
This joint is used most during walking within the foot.
Talocrural joint
This deep lateral rotator originates on the anterior sacrum and exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen.
Piriformis
This structure forms the medial wall of the ankle mortise and is a key distal tibial landmark for knee alignment.
Medial malleolus
This powerful inverter of the foot inserts on the navicular and supports the medial arch.
Tibialis posterior
This muscle originates at the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the head of the fibula.
Biceps femoris (long head)
This lateral thigh muscle inserts on Gerdy’s tubercle via the IT band.
Tensor fasciae latae
Excessive inversion typically injures this ankle ligament.
ATFL
This orthopedic test places the heel on the opposite knee and lets the leg fall into abduction/external rotation.
FABER test
This meniscal test uses flexion, rotation, and extension while applying tibial rotation.
McMurray’s test
This condition causes morning heel pain due to inflammation at the medial calcaneal tubercle.
Plantar fasciitis
This calf muscle originates on the posterior femoral condyles and inserts on the calcaneus.
Gastrocnemius
This bony prominence is the insertion point for the Achilles tendon.
Calcaneal tuberosity
During gait, this phase begins when the heel contacts the ground.
Initial contact
This muscle is the strongest hip extensor and inserts on the gluteal tuberosity and IT band.
Gluteus maximus
This muscle originates at the ASIS and inserts at the medial tibia, crossing both hip and knee.
Sartorius
This pulse is found posterior to the medial malleolus.
Posterior tibial pulse
This hip flexor originates on the ASIS and contributes to hip flexion and knee extension.
Rectus femoris
This long bone is inferior and medial in the leg.
Tibia
This muscle group eccentrically controls hip adduction during single-leg stance.
Hip abductors
This ligament limits excessive hip extension and is one of the strongest in the body.
Iliofemoral ligament
This ligament resists valgus force at the knee.
MCL
This joint allows inversion and eversion of the foot.
Subtalar joint
This nerve innervates most of the posterior compartment of the leg.
Tibial nerve
This pelvic landmark is the large superior lateral anterior projection.
Iliac crest
This kinetic-chain concept describes how foot pronation can influence knee valgus.
Dynamic valgus coupling