Early Greece
Who are the two earliest Greek authors credited with shaping Greek myth and epic poetry?
Homer and Hesiod
What is a polis?
A Greek city-state
What event began the Olympic Games and in what year?
Athletic competition at Olympia to honor Zeus, started 776 BC
Who were Romulus and Remus?
Legendary twin founders of Rome (Romulus killed Remus and became first king)
Who was Alexander the Great?
Son of Philip, Macedonian king who conquered the Persian Empire and spread Hellenistic culture
Name one of Homer’s epic poems.
The Iliad (or The Odyssey)
What was the acropolis used for?
High point of a polis—main temple and fortress in war
Name the Athenian victory that took place in 490 BC.
Battle of Marathon
What are patricians and plebeians?
Patricians = wealthy founding families; Plebeians = common citizens
Name the Carthaginian general who invaded Italy during the Second Punic War.
Hannibal
What is the Greek term "Panhellenic" and one example of a Panhellenic institution?
“All Greece”; example: the Olympic Games or the Oracle at Delphi
Match the three Greek column styles to a short description: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian.
Doric = oldest/simplest; Ionic = scroll-like capitals; Corinthian = ornate/flowery
Who led the 300 at Thermopylae?
Leonidas
Name two checks or balances of the Roman Republic.
Two consuls sharing power; tribunes with veto power; Senate advising consuls (any two)
What was the Battle of Cannae famous for?
Hannibal’s double-envelopment defeat of a huge Roman army (66,000 Romans killed)
Give two causes of the Greek Dark Age.
Bronze Age Collapse, Dorian invasions, mass migrations due to declining food supply (any two)
What is a basileus?
Greek word for king
What naval battle (and general) helped Athens defeat the Persian fleet in the 2nd Persian War?
Battle of Salamis — Themistocles
What were the Twelve Tables?
Public law code on 12 tablets applying to all Romans
Who defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama?
Scipio Africanus ... (and Hannibal had elephants!)
Explain one reason the Greek Dark Age ended.
Trade resumed / populations recovered / writing reintroduced (any one)
Briefly describe the reforms of Cleisthenes.
Created ten tribes (demes), random assignment to some positions, set up institutions that finalized Athenian democracy (500-person Boule, broader citizen participation)
Why did Sparta ultimately win the Peloponnesian War? Give one major reason.
Sparta accepted Persian help to build a fleet and defeat Athens; Athens exhausted by war and lost resources/ships
Explain one major result of the Marian Reforms.
Army became professional—state (and later commanders) provided equipment; soldiers promised land at retirement; loyalty shifted toward generals
What happened at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and why is it important?
Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra; it marked the end of the Republic and the rise of Octavian (Augustus) and the Roman Empire