Jaundice / LFTs
Pancreas
Clinical
Liver
Random
100

Dark urine in jaundice specifically implies this type of bilirubin is present in urine.

What is conjugated bilirubin?

100

The two commonest predisposing factors for acute pancreatitis are these.

What are gallstones and alcohol?

100

What are 5 causes of upper haematemesis?

  1. Peptic ulcer 

  1. Esophagitis 

  1. Gastritis 

  1. Gastro-oesophageal varices   

  1. Mallory-Weiss tear 

  1. Upper gastrointestinal tumour 

  1. Angiodysplasia 

  1. Portal hypertensive gastropathy  

  1. Boerhaave syndrome 

100

What term means fatty change in the liver?

Steatosis

100

 Which hepatitis has a double-stranded DNA virus?

Hepatitis B

200

Marked elevation of ALP and GGT with relatively smaller ALT/AST rise is the classic biochemical pattern of this.

What is cholestatic/obstructive jaundice?

200

The two enzymes classically elevated in acute pancreatitis are these.

What are amylase and lipase?

200

What are some clinical signs of chronic liver disease?

  1. Spider naevi 

  1. Palmar erythema 

  1. Jaundice 

  1. Encephalopathy 

  1. Hepatomegaly 

  1. Splenomegaly 

  1. Ascites 

  1. Peripheral oedema (hypoalbuminaemia) 

200

List 4 substances or groups stored by the liver.

  • Glycogen
  • Iron
  • Copper
  • Fat-soluble vitamins
200

Name the scoring system used to prognosticate liver disease.

Child - Pugh

300

Pale stools and dark urine in a jaundiced patient most strongly suggest this broad category of jaundice.

What is post-hepatic jaundice? (eg gallstones, malignancy, biliary stricture etc)

300

A carcinoma in the head of this organ classically presents with what major clinical syndrome?

Obstructive jaundice

300

List 3 causes of acute hepatitis

  • Viral infection
  • Autoimmune hepatitis
  • Drug reaction
300

List 2 abnormal storage diseases/products mentioned that affect hepatocytes.

  • Iron → haemochromatosis
  • Copper → Wilson disease
300

Gastrinoma causes what syndrome?

Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. 


400

List 3 causes of obstructive jaundice

  • Gallstone in the common bile duct
  • Pancreatic carcinoma
  • Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater
  • Fibrous stricture
  • Bile duct carcinoma
400

What endocrine complication can arise from chronic destruction of this organ?

Secondary diabetes mellitus 


due to generalized pancreatic disease such as chronic pancreatitis.

400

List 4 causes of RUQ pain

-Biliary colic

-Acute cholecystitis

-Acute cholangitis

-Emphyesematous cholecystitis

-Acute hepatitis

-Pyogenic liver abcess

-Liver rupture

-Duodenal ulcer


-Portal vein thrombosis


400

Which primary liver tumour is associated with PSC and chronic inflammatory disease of bile ducts?

Cholangiocarcinoma

400

What are causes of portal hypertension (give 1 example for each):

1-Prehepatic

2-Hepatic

3-Posthepatic

Prehepatic -> obstructive thrombosis 

Hepatic -> cirrhosis, massive fatty changes, malignancy 

Posthepatic -> severe right sided HF, constrictive pericarditis, hepatic vein outflow obstruction 

500

A patient with jaundice has a high INR. 

Give two mechanisms that could explain this abnormality.

1. Impaired hepatic synthesis of clotting factors
2. Vitamin K malabsorption in obstructive jaundice

500

List the 3 patterns of necrosis described in acute disease of this organ.

  • Periductal necrosis: Acinar cells adjacent to ducts
  • Panlobular necrosis: Direct acinar damage of entire lobule
  • Perilobular necrosis: Periphery of lobules
500

Which major chronic inflammatory biliary diseases predispose to biliary cirrhosis?

  • Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) - Small intrahepatic bile ducts
  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) - Affects entire billiary tree, including large extrahepatic bile ducts
  • Chronic extrahepatic obstruction causing secondary biliary cirrhosis.
500

List 5 liver functions

  • Glycogen storage
  • Plasma glucose source
  • Processing dietary fats
  • Protein synthesis
  • Albumin production
  • Clotting factor production
  • Transport protein production
  • Urea formation from protein catabolism
  • Bile synthesis
  • Detoxification of metabolites/drugs
  • Storage of iron/copper/fat-soluble vitamins
500

What are 5 causes of hepatocellular injury?

ABCDEFGHI 

  1. Autoimmune disease 

  1. Hep B 

  1. Hep C 

  1. Drugs/toxins 

  1. Ethanol 

  1. Fatty liver 

  1. Growths (tumours) 

  1. Haemodynamic disorder -> congestive heart failure  

  1. Iron (haemochromatosis), copper (Wilson’s) 

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