Transportation
What method involved using stones and small rocks to build roads?
Macadamisation
What were the "commons"?
Land used by everyone
What did mud larks do?
Walked through mud barefoot, looking for things to sell.
What did Eli Whitney invent?
Cotton gin
What steam-powered vehicle was most often used during the Industrial Revolution?
Trains
How were trains powered during the Industrial Revolution?
Steam power/ steam engines
What did leaving a field fallow entail?
Leaving a field unplanted in order to recover its nutrients
What were the risks of being a mule scavenger?
Kids often lost their hands or limbs, were crushed under the machine, or were decapitated.
What was John Kay's "flying shuttle" used for?
What were the benefits of steam power?
More efficient than any other form of power at the time
Who invented the first practical steam engine?
Thomas Newcomen
What happened to the urban population in the first half of the 19th century?
Increased
How did coal miners get their fingers cut off?
Who invented the "spinning jenny"?
James Hargreaves
When was steam power popularized?
The 18th century
How did the locomotive make transportation of commercial goods easier?
What was the enclosure movement?
Making the land owned by everyone in the village more private
What was the most common method of making chimney sweeps work faster?
Lighting a fire underneath them
Who invented the railroad locomotive?
George Stephenson
What was the first machine to convert steam to power?
Single-piston pump
What were the 3 major components of transportation that were improved during the Industrial Revolution?
Roads, canals, and railways
What did the method of broadcasting entail?
Planting seeds by throwing them
What were the gunpowder kids called?
Powder monkeys
What kind of engine did Thomas Newcomen invent?
Atmospheric engine
How did steam engines work?
Steam is put under pressure, then expands