Avian
1. What is the basic unit of life in all living organisms?
Cell
2. What are the levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
What is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells?
Mitosis
Mitosis
What term describes unspecialized cells developing into specialized cell types?
Differentiation
What organelle or structure inside a muscle cell allows it to contract?
Myofibrils (or actin and myosin)
What is the primary function of a nerve cell (neuron)?
To transmit electrical and chemical signals / messages throughout the body
What type of cell supports, protects, and nourishes neurons?
Glial cell (or neuroglia)
What primary cell type makes up the epidermis and produces keratin?
Keratinocytes
What unique property of transitional epithelium allows it to line organs like the urinary bladder?
Expandability / stretchability (can stretch and change shape as the bladder fills)
What are the three main types of muscle tissue found in animals?
Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle
Which muscle tissue type is voluntary and striated?
Skeletal muscle
Which muscle tissue type is involuntary and unstriated?
Smooth muscle
Where in the animal body is cardiac muscle tissue exclusively located?
The heart
What two main structures make up the central nervous system (CNS)?
Brain and spinal cord
What term describes an epithelial tissue layer made of a single layer of cells?
Simple
What term describes an epithelial tissue layer made of multiple stacked layers of cells?
Stratified
Name three major organ systems found in livestock.
Digestive system, Muscular system, Circulatory system (also Respiratory, Nervous, Skeletal, Endocrine, Reproductive, Urinary)
Why is standard anatomical terminology important when describing animal bodies?
To maintain clear, precise communication regarding animal anatomy regardless of position
What direction does cranial refer to?
Head
What direction does caudal refer to?
Tail
What anatomical landmark on a horse or cow is located at the ridge between the shoulder blades?
Withers
What is the largest organ of the animal body?
Skin
What are the three primary layers of the skin from outermost to innermost?
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer)
Name two body structures composed primarily of keratin.
Hooves and horns (or hair, wool, feathers, nails)
What are vibrissae and what is their function?
Whiskers; used for tactile sensing and navigation