Too Much of a Stimulus
Any environmental or genetic factor that increases the chances of disease, injury, or outcome.
What is a risk factor?
The capacity to change in response to the environment.
What is phenotypic plasticity?
Cushioned shoes decreases ______ ______
What is impact peak?
Undernutrition + Obesity
What is the "double burden of Malnutrition"?
Decreased fertility, earlier weaning age, faster maturation, increased life expectancy, etc
What are recent trends in human history?
Cancers, heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and metabolic syndrome.
What are the leading causes of death and illness?
a) fatigues fast, power, and anaerobic.
b) fatigues slowly, endurance, aerobic.
What is fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fiber?
Inventions that benefit but also have major underlying consequences.
What are antibiotics, fertilizers, cars, guns, etc?
Infectious diseases + Chronic non Infectious diseases
What is the "double burden of disease"?
Enhanced cultural learning ability, Expansion out of Africa, diverse hunter gather way of life.
What are the major transitions in human evolution?
Does not distinguish between excess body fat, muscle, or bone mass.
What is BMI?
The biggest threat to Knee health.
What is sedentism?
"mismatches caused by aspects of the novel environment in which we judge the benefit to outweigh the costs".
What is diseases of benefit?
Early Scarcity + Later abundance =
What is adult metabolic risk?
Later age at first birth, less lactation time, higher ovarian function, frequent menstrual cycles, etc
What are breast cancer risk factors?
increases risk of a heart attack
High LDL + low HDL + _______________
What is systemic inflammation?
"Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor elevates in response to physical activity. The BDNF effects are strongest in ___________-,_________, and _______."
What is the hippocampus, neocortex, and basal ganglia?
An elongated eyeball causing nearsighted vision- "causes the lens to focus light from far objects slightly in front of the retina rather than directly on it" (70)
What is Myopia?
Early development occurs in an environment...
"where energy is limited, individuals adapt to conditions of energetic scarcity. BUT if energy becomes abundant later in life it increases the risk of metabolic disregulation".
What is "Developmental Mismatch"?
"chemical reaction in cells that transforms energy from food into energy useful for cells" (19, lec 10)
What is cellular metabolism?
Eating more glucose causes_________&_________.
What are higher insulin levels and more fat storage?
Leading cause of disability in the USA.
What is Osteoarthritis?
flat feet due to shoes.
What is a trade off?
The Two kinds of Mismatch.
What is evolutionary and developmental mismatch?
Genomic instability, deregulated nutrient sensing, stem cell exhaustion, epigenetic changes, etc
What are the Mechanisms of aging?