Metabolic Pathways
____, _____, _____, and _____ are the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration.
What are glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?
The capacity to cause change, especially to do work.
What is energy?
ATP stands for this.
What is adenosine triphosphate?
Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
What are enzymes?
The process by which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.
What is feedback inhibition?
These pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
What are catabolic pathways?
This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Hydrolyzing ATP to ADP + P is associated with this change in entropy.
What is entropy is increased?
The specific molecule or compound that an enzyme acts on.
What is a substrate?
This enzyme transfers a phosphate from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate, committing the substrate irreversibly to the path of glycolysis.
What is phosphofructokinase?
The Krebs cycle takes place here.
Where is the mitochondrial matrix?
This law states that every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe.
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
In fermentation, NADH is _______ so it can re-enter glycolysis.
What is oxidized?
The region of the enzyme where the substrate binds.
What is the active site?
These molecules can decrease enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme at a site other than the active site.
What are allosteric inhibitors?
This molecule is the last step in the electron transport chain and transfers its electrons to oxygen.
What is Cyt-a3?
The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
What is free energy?
The term for the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often making it more reactive.
What is phosphorylation?
When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, it ______ the activation energy of the reaction.
What is lowers?
The type of enzyme inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
This 4-carbon molecule is regenerated during the citric acid cycle.
What is oxaloacetate?
A process that can occur without an input of energy.
What is a spontaneous process?
This is the first drop-off point for NADH in the electron transport chain.
What is FMN?
Non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in their catalytic activity.
What are cofactors and coenzymes?
This suffix almost always indicates the word containing it is an enzyme.
What is -ase?