Unit 1 & 2
What is hydrolysis?
What is a catabolic pathway?
Paths that break down molecules and release energy
What is the purpose of a test cross?
What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium?
Gradualism is the divergence of species over time, while punctuated equilibrium is the divergence of species during relatively short bursts of time
What does the contractile vacuole do?
Pumps excess water out of cell
How does fermentation keep glycolysis going?
Fermentation reduces pyruvate to release NAD+ so glycolysis can keep going.
What are Barr bodies?
An excess X chromosome that becomes inactive and balls up
Name 4 pre/post zygotic reproductive barriers
Includes: habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation, reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown
Tertiary, quaternary
How much ATP does aerobic respiration create?
32-38 ATPs
Includes: methylated G-cap, poly-A tail, RNA splicing
Describe the three types of survivorship curves.
Type 2: Individuals die at a constant rate
Type 3: Most individuals die early in life
Why is cholesterol important?
Template for production of other steroids, keeps cell membranes flexible
Autocrine signaling
Signaling within the same cell, quicker than diffusion
How do enhancers impact transcription?
They strongly influence the binding of repressors/activators, different combos of enhancers can result in different phenotype expression (think stickleback)
What is species richness?
A listing of species within a community (no #s)
How does a cotransport membrane protein work?
One solute goes down its concentration gradient, this allows the other solute to go up its concentration gradient
How does cyclin regulate the cell cycle?
Cyclin-dependent kinases, once attached to cyclin, can then move from the G2 checkpoint. However, cyclin takes time to build up as the cell goes through interphase.
degrades or otherwise blocks mRNA translation
How does the nitrogen cycle work?
Nitrogen in the air is fixed into the soil by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (in root of legumes) and can be absorbed by plants, and by extension animals. Bacteria can also cause ammonification and nitrification for better plant absorption. Denitrifying bacteria release nitrogen gas back into the atmosphere.