Water
O has a partial negative and H has a partial positive, allowing the covalent bonds of one water molecule to form a bent, polar shape
Simple sugars are known as _____, two simple sugars bonded are known as _____, several simple sugars bonded are known as ________ .
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Describe the difference in structure and state of matter between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated = only single bonded C, solid at room temp; unsaturated = at least one double bonded C, liquid at room temp
Identify the molecule responsible for assisting in protein folding.
Chaperones
The process of building a macromolecule is known as __________ where water is (gained/lost); the process of breaking a molecule is known as _________ where water is (gained/lost).
Dehydration Synthesis, Lost; Hydrolysis, Gained
Describe the cohesive/adhesive property of water.
Cohesive = water forms H bonds with itself; Adhesive = water forms H bonds with other polar molecules
Identift the storage form of glucose in plants.
Starch
Describe the structure of a triglyceride.
Glycerol attached to three fatty acid chains through ester bonds.
Describe the structure of an amino acid.
Central carbon bonded to amine group, R group (side chain), and carboxyl group
Explain the main role of phospholipids.
Form lipid bilayer of cell membranes
Describe how the structure of ice is essential to life.
Water molecules in ice form are more spread out than in liquid form, making it less dense allowing ice to float on open water, keeping the heat trapped beneath
Two carbohydrate monomers will form a ______ bond; describe the formation of this bond in terms of functional groups.
Glycosidic; Hydroxyl group from one monomer joins with a H from the other monomer, releasing a water molecule
Justify the claim that a phospholipid is an amphipathic molecule.
Has both hydrophilic (heads) structures and hydrophobic (tails) structures.
Describe the secondary structure of a protein, including the bonding holding the structure in place.
Folded polypeptide chain (most likely alpha helix or beta pleated sheet) held together by H bonding
Identify the amount of essential amino acids and explain why they are essential.
9, need to be taken in through diet
Explain the property of water that is essential for the life of warm blooded organisms.
Waters high specific heat allows water to retain warmth; water is the main component of blood, allowing arteries to transport warmth with circulation.
Describe the structure and function of cellulose.
180 degree rotated glucose chain to maintain rigidity of the cell wall
Describe the role Cholesterol plays within the cell membrane; explain what can happen if it is unsuccessful in this role.
Cholesterol = cell identification; lack of ID can result in autoimmune disorder
Identify the classification of bond that will form when two amino acids are bonded. Describe the bond in terms of functional groups.
Peptide; C of one AAs carboxyl group attaches to N of the other AAs amine group
Several polypeptides are joined to form a subunit. Identify the level of structural organization.
Quarternary
Identify the property of water that allows for capillary action (water moving up a plant's xylem) and describe how polarity plays a role.
Water's adhesive property allows it to travel up the stem because water is polar and the xylem walls are polar, allowing them to form hydrogen bonds.
Describe the series of events that occurs when blood glucose is too high and too low.
Too high = glucose removed from bloodstream and stored in liver as glycogen; too low = brain will signal liver to break down stored gylcogen allowing glucose to reenter the bloodstream.
Describe the abnormality that makes a trans fat different than a "typical" unsaturated fat.
Hydrogens attached to the double bonded Cs are on opposite planes of the hydrocarbon chain
A digestive enzyme present in the stomach is placed in the bloodstream; explain what will occur and why.
Digestive enzyme is used to acidic environment, blood is neutral environment, enzyme will denature and lose function
_________ isomers differ in the placement of their covalent bonds; _______ isomers differ in how bonds are made to surrounding atoms.
Structural; Geometric