Colts
Describe the movement of protons and therefore electrons through the ATP synthase complex.
Protons flow down their electrochemical gradient from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix through the domain of ATP synthase. Electrons do not pass through ATP synthase, they stay in the electron transport chain.
What's the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions? Give examples too.
Exergonic reactions release free energy and occur on their own, while endergonic reactions absorb free energy and require an energy source to happen. Exergonic: cellular respiration Endergonic: Photosynthesis
Write down the different laws of thermodynamics. Also, Have a basic understanding of entropy.
The zeroth law (thermal equilibrium), First law (energy conservation), second law (entropy increase), third law (absolute zero entropy limits). Entropy is a measure of energy dispersal or microscopic randomness.
Explain the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions.
Anabolism builds larger, complex molecules from smaller units while catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller units and releases energy.
What is meant by the induced fit hypothesis according to enzymes and substrates?
The induced fit hypothesis states that an enzyme’s active site is flexible rather than rigid. This allows for a better than perfect fit to occur because of the torsion/twisting around the substrate.
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration and what path do the electrons take to get there?
The final electron acceptor is molecular oxygen. The electrons take the path of the electron transport chain.
Explain the fight or flight response.
The amygdala senses danger and sends a signal to the hypothalamus, which activates the nervous system and triggers adrenal glands, and adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol are released into the blood stream to prepare you to fight or flee to safety.
What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Controls reproductive functioning, egg maturation in ovaries, and sperm production in testes.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation and progesterone production in women, and testosterone production in men.
Growth Hormone (GH): Promotes physical growth, cell reproduction, and protein synthesis throughout the body.
Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates breast milk production after childbirth.
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Regulates melanin production and skin pigmentation.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
ADH
Oxytocin
List the steps of signal transduction.
1 Reception
2 Transduction
3 Response
List the stages of cell respiration and where each step occurs.
Glycolysis:Cytoplasm/cytosol,
Pyruvate oxidation: Matrix, Krebs cycle: Matrix,
ETC/ Oxidative Phosphorylation: Inner Membrane (Cristae)
What are the by-products of alcohol fermentation in yeast?
Ethanol and CO2
Which of the following is TRUE for all exergonic reactions that occur within living organisms?
the reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy, thus following the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Some substrates are capable of binding to an active site that is actually meant for another substrate, in this case not allowing a reaction to take place. This is an example of which of the following?
competitive inhibitor of the enzyme
During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, what happens to MOST of the energy from the chemical bonds in glucose?
the energy is retained in the carbon-hydrogen bonds of pyruvate
When ATP releases some energy, it also releases an inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this inorganic phosphate serve (if any) in the cell?
it can be added to other molecules in order to energize or activate them
What is meant by phosphorylation? Explain both substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation.
Phosphorylation is the chemical process of adding a phosphate group to an organic molecule.
Substrate level: An enzyme transfers a high energy phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP.
Oxidative: The production or ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy released from a series of redox reactions in the ETC coupled with chemiosmosis
One of the characteristics of living organisms is that they increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. Since the living things are subject to the laws of thermodynamics, how does this ability to increase in complexity through growth relate to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
As a consequence of growing, organisms create more disorder in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.
Carbon dioxide is released during which of the stages of cellular respiration?
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the Kreb’s cycle
When you eat a meal you consume more than just glucose. Fat and protein metabolism occurs ______________________.
using the same pathway that is used to break down carbohydrates, though entering the pathway at varying stages
These hormones are capable of diffusing directly through a cellular membrane.
lipid soluble hormones
What is required and produced for each stage of Cellular Respiration.
Glycolysis
Requires glucose
Produces 2 molecules of pyruvate, 4 ATP (Net 2 ATP), 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle
Requires oxygen for anaerobic respiration, no oxygen needed for aerobic respiration
Produces 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH
Electron Transport Chain (oxidative phosphorylation occurs)
Requires the coenzymes 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH
Produces 32-36 ATP
Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier. This barrier is known as the:
activation energy of the reaction
Draw a mitochondrion and label its' parts/landmarks.
N/A
The increased strain of having low oxygen forces the body to produce more erythropoietin and therefore more red blood cells to carry more oxygen to the muscles. It does take weeks to notice a difference but is a really neat way to increase your athletic performance while enjoying the beauty of the mountains.
Why do you think that NFL linemen need to have oxygen pumped to them from time to time on the sidelines of NFL games?
N/A