Unit 1: Chemistry of Life
This type of bond forms between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.
What is a hydrogen bond?
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water potential to low water potential is called this.
What is osmosis?
This is the number of cycles through the Calvin Cycle required to synthesize 1 glucose molecule.
What is 2?
When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, the pancreas secretes insulin, which causes cells to take up glucose and lowers blood sugar back to normal levels. This is an example of this type of feedback loop.
This is the variable that the researcher deliberately changes to test its effect on the dependent variable.
What is the independent variable?
Glucose, sucrose, and starch are all examples of these organic compounds.
What are carbohydrates?
This characteristic makes intestinal cells with villi very efficient at taking in nutrients from food.
What is a high surface area to volume ratio?
During the light dependent reactions, this embedded protein is responsible for phosphorylation of ADP into ATP.
What is ATP synthase?
A nerve cell that releases neurotransmitters into a synapse which then bind to a receptor on the next cell are using this type of cell signaling.
What is paracrine?
A group in an experiment that is treated exactly like the experimental group except it does not receive the experimental treatment.
What is the control group?
This polymer is composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds and can function as an enzyme.
What is a protein?
This type of transport requires energy (ATP) and moves substances against their concentration gradient.
What is active transport?
This process occurs in the mitochondria and requires oxygen to produce approximately 30-32 ATP per glucose molecule.
What is aerobic respiration?
This receptor activates a G protein, which then triggers a signaling cascade that ultimately produces second messengers like cAMP.
What is a G protein coupled receptor?
This hypothesis states that there is no significant difference between experimental and control groups, and any observed differences are due to chance or random variation rather than the independent variable.
What is the null hypothesis?
The process by which two glucose molecules combine to form a disaccharide involves the removal of this molecule.
What is water dehydration synthesis? / condensation reaction?
This organelle is responsible for intracellular transport.
What is the golgi apparatus or golgi body?
In anaerobic conditions, this process regenerates NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue without oxygen.
What is fermentation?
These regulatory proteins bind to CDKs to activate them at specific points in the cell cycle, allowing the cell to progress through checkpoints by phosphorylating target proteins that drive DNA replication and mitosis.
What are cyclins?
A researcher hypothesizes that a new fertilizer increases plant height. The null hypothesis for this experiment would state that...
What is: "the fertilizer has no effect on plant height?" or "there is no difference in plant height between fertilized and unfertilized plants?"
These lipids are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids and serve as long-term energy storage in animals.
What are triglycerides (or fats)?
This is the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a larger host cell billions of years ago.
What is endosymbiosis or endosymbiotic theory?
In glycolysis, one glucose molecule is broken down into these two three-carbon molecules.
What is pyruvate or pyruvic acid?
When a growth factor binds to this type of receptor, it causes dimerization and autophosphorylation of tyrosine, initiating a phosphorylation cascade that amplifies the signal.
What is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)?
If two error bars do not overlap, the data is considered...
What is significantly different?