Water
Is water polar or nonpolar?
polar
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing which element?
Carbon
What elements make up carbohydrates?
C, H, O
What elements make up proteins?
C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
What elements make up nucleic acids?
C, H, O, N, and P
What type of bond forms between the H of one water molecule and the O of a different water molecule?
Hydrogen bonds
Polymers (macromolecules) are made out of what?
monomers
What are the monomers of carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides (such as glucose)
What are the monomers of proteins.
Amino Acids
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
Hydrophobic= water fearing (usually nonpolar and uncharged)
Hydrophilic= water loving (usually polar or charged)
Name the 5 elements that make up 96% of living matter.
C, H, O, P, N
What suffix does the name of many carbohydrates end in?
-ose
20. They all have a carboxyl group, amino group, and H attached to a central C. They each have a unique R group (side chain) attached to the central carbon.
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base
What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?
Covalent bond: electrons are shared between 2 atoms
Ionic bond: one atom takes electrons from another
breaks the bonds in a polymer by adding H2O
One -H of the H2O bonds to one monomer and the remaining -OH of the H2O attaches to the other monomer
AB + H2O → A+B
Are saturated or unsaturated fats more likely to be liquid at room temperature? Explain why.
Unsaturated fats because they contain double bonds that make bends in the molecule. These bends prevent the molecule from packing closely together (like a solid), so they are usually liquid at room temperature (like olive oil).
Describe the functions of proteins.
Antibody-help protect the body from disease
Enzyme- carry out chemical reactions or assist in creating new molecules
Messenger- transmit signals (ie hormones)
Structural- provide structure and support
Transport/storage- bind to and carry small atoms and molecules through the body
Describe the function of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Store, transmit, and express hereditary information (determines the amino acid sequence and therefore primary structure of proteins)
Name and describe one property of water and give an example of how it affects living things.
Polarity: unequal electron sharing allows for hydrogen bonding - behind most properties
Cohesion: ability of water molecules to stick together due to hydrogen bonding
Adhesion: ability of water to stick to other polar molecules due to hydrogen bonding
Capillary action: the upward movement of water in plants due to cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension
High specific heat: resists changes in temperature due to hydrogen bonds - good for regulating temperature of bodies of water / organisms
High heat of vaporization: molecules with highest kinetic energy leave as gas, cooling remaining liquid(evaporative cooling) - stabilizes temps
Floating ice - water is less dense as a solid than a liquid due to hydrogen bonds stabilizing molecules - allows aquatic life to survive under ice (insulates)
Solvent - able to dissolve many polar compounds / ionic compounds - allows for chemical reactions to happen in organisms
Describe a dehydration synthesis reaction.
bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O
The -OH of one monomer bonds to the -H of another monomer forming H2O, which is then released
A+B→AB + H2O
Describe the functions of carbohydrates and lipids.
Carbs: Fuel for cells (chemical energy- used in cellular respiration), polysaccharides can be used to store extra chemical energy (starch/glycogen) or for structure (cellulose/chitin)
Lipids: chemical energy storage (triglycerides), make up cell membranes (phospholipids), used as hormones (steroids such as testosterone)
Describe the 4 levels of protein structure.
Primary: the sequence/chain of amino acids, determines other levels of structure
Secondary: local coils and folds due to interactions between R groups (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet)
Tertiary: the overall 3D structure of the polypeptide, due to interactions between R groups (hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds/bridges between cysteine)
Quaternary: interactions between two different polypeptide chains (not all proteins have this level of structure)
Describe 3 differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA: contains deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded, A pairs with T
RNA: contains ribose sugar, single-stranded, A pairs with U