Pink
These could be purchased in order to reduce punishment associated with sin.
What are Indulgences?
Internal religious renewal
What is the Catholic Reformation?
Renaissance thinkers increasingly encouraged Europeans to return to original Greek and Roman texts and critically examine established institutions. This intellectual movement contributed to criticism of the Catholic Church.
What is Humanism?
Ends the Thirty Years' War.
Peace of Westphalia
This Protestant movement emphasized predestination and was associated with John Calvin.
What is Calvinism
Believed the true Christian community should be a voluntary community of believers, separate from governmental control. Considered Radical, and did not agree with baptism for infants.
What are Anabaptists?
A revolt in which rebels use reformation language to justify social change (mainly concerning economic grievances against oppressive nobles).
What are the German Peasants' War?
This English monarch broke with Rome and established royal authority over the English Church
Who was Henry VIII
Luther believed that people were saved primarily through this, not by purchasing indulgences.
What is justification by faith
This Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola became particularly influential in education and the spread of Catholicism.
Who are the Jesuits?
This term describes the holding of multiple Church offices by one person.
Pluralism
Meeting in which catholic doctrine is reaffirmed and abuses are reformed.
Council of Trent
Protestant religion in which the monarch is the supreme ruler, clergy may marry, protestant theology is followed but catholic traditions (like the hierarchy) are kept.
What is the Anglican Church?
Symbolic event in which Protestants throw Catholic officials from a window. Begins the Bohemian revolt.
What is the Defenestration in Prague?
This massacre in 1572 resulted in the deaths of thousands of French Protestants.
What was St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
By the end of the Thirty Years' War, this family's political power was the major concern being challenged.
Lutheranism receives legal recognition within the Holy Roman Empire under this treaty.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
Granted Huguenots limited protections and rights of worship. Example of religious pluralism.
This leader became a major figure in the Dutch resistance against Spanish control.
Who is William of Orange
This woman was the mother of the three Valois kings and played both sides during the French Civil War.
Who is Catherine de Medici
This family led the Catholics in northern France during the French Civil War.
Who are the Guises
The French Wars of Religion were primarily conflicts between Catholics and members of this Protestant group
Development in which the English Monarch becomes the supreme Head of the Church of England.
What is the Act of Supremacy?
This French king converted from Protestantism to Catholicism and attempted to bring religious stability to France.
Who was Henry IV
Ferdinand II used this military commander to fight Protestant forces in northern Europe.
Who is Albrecht von Wallenstein?