Renaissance
Who wrote the influential book 'The Prince'
Niccolo Machiavelli
Which country sponsored Christopher Columbus' voyages?
Spain
Explain the 95 Theses
The 95 Theses were written by Martin Luther and put on churches’ doors. In his 95 Theses, Luther declared how the Catholic Church was abusing the believers and used the reason of faith to gain power and money. It outlined in detail his complaints about the papal dogma and the current Catholic organization of the Church. Published in 1517 in Latin, they quickly spread because of the printing press. They were a major turning point and started the Reformation.
What were the meetings of the Catholic Church called during the Counter Reformation ?
Council of Trent
Who is known for the theory of heliocentrism ?
Copernicus, Galileo
Explain secularism
Secularism consists of human beings stepping away from the church to focus on themselves as entities with potential / decoupling of religious belief from society
What were the main technological advancements that aided exploration during this period?
Explain two Catholic abuses
Options include indulgences, simony, nepotism
What was the Index of Prohibited Works?
This was a list of prohibited books by the Catholic Church that were censored and not allowed to be read or printed
Explain the encomienda system.
The encomienda system was put into place by Spanish colonizers in Latin countries in order to force indigenous people to do labor for them.
What is philology?
Philology is the study of ancient languages and their evolutions in written historical sources
Explain and give evidence of Spanish colonial activities in the Americas.
Spain conquered land in the Americas but mostly focused on Mexico and Peru and created haciendas which were lands made to exploit natural resources and find gold and silver and that enforced the encomienda.
Explain John Calvin’s concept of predestination
John Calvin’s concept of predestination was that even before they were born, God had already decided if individuals would go to paradise or hell and therefore nothing could save an individual destined to go to hell from going to hell.
Explain at least two ways in which the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) strengthened Catholicism.
Jesuits led by Ignotius of Loyola, were established in the Counter Reformation movement, and had a strict catholic lifestyle. They taught good catholics to deny themselves and submit to higher church authority (instead of rebelling like the protestants) while having uncompromising loyalty to the church. They were responsible for the Roman Inquisition which was an organization that rooted out heretics. They taught mental and spiritual self-mastery over one’s feelings.
Explain the results of the Slave Trade
The slave trade led to the forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas, resulting in a significant demographic impact. Estimates vary, but it is believed that between 10 and 12 million Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas during the slave trade. The slave trade was a significant driver of economic growth in the Americas, particularly in the production of crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton. The labor of enslaved Africans was instrumental in the establishment and maintenance of these industries, which helped to fuel the development of colonial and later capitalist economies.
Explain patronage of the arts and give ONE specific example.
Rich families would provide money to the artists in exchange for art that would create the glory of the family that was paying and would enhance the cultural aspect of certain cities. That was the case with the Medicis, a rich Italian family that contributed to the expansion of the arts. They were located in Florence
What were the long-term effects of the Age of Exploration on global trade and colonization?
Global trade, networks, colonisation, imperialism, mercantilism, cultural exchange, shift in global power, wars
What TWO beliefs of the Anabaptists set them apart from other Protestant groups?
Anabaptists didn’t believe in infant baptism and formed the schleitheim confession : refusal to go to war, swear oaths, and participate in government (separation of the church and the state).
What is the Spanish Inquisition ?
The Spanish Inquisition was a tribunal that was established in Spain and that rooted out heretics and non Catholic people with very violent ways often resorting to denunciation or torture to get confessions out of people.
Explain the Great European Witch Hunts
As the period was marked by religious and economic tensions, Protestants and Christians agreed to point out witches as the scapegoat of those catastrophes.
Briefly explain an example of vernacular literature from the Renaissance period
An example of vernacular literature from the Italian Renaissance is Giovanni Boccaccio's "Decameron," which was written in Italian in the mid-14th century. The "Decameron" is considered a landmark work of Italian literature and a key precursor to the Renaissance humanist movement.
Who were the major explorers involved in the search for the Northwest Passage? Name one
Explain Martin Luther’s belief in “salvation by faith alone” and “sola scriptura”
Martin Luther believed that only faith and the studying of the bible itself could make one own a place in paradise. He also declared that the ultimate authority for Christians was the Bible and that the only opinion that mattered on whether one was going to paradise or not was the Bible’s.
Name one pope of the Counter Reformation
Pope Paul III
Explain how Gustavus Adolphus changed warfare
Gustavus Adolphus changed warfare in Sweden as he created a large and permanent standing army with the creation of military ranks.