Middle Ages
Italian Renaissance
Northern Renaissance
New Monarchs
Age of Exploration
Commercial Revolution
100
This deadly bacterial infection killed over 30% of the European population
What is the Black Plague/Black Death/Bubonic Plague?
100
This school of thought underpinned the Renaissance. It was centered around increasing human achievement and potential through education, especially of the Greek and Latin classics.
Bonus points for naming the new form of education created because of this!
What is Humanism?
Which created the studis humanitis/humanities/liberal arts
100
This school of thought was vastly important to the Northern Renaissance. While similar to its Italian counterpart, this school emphasized education as a means of religious reform as well as a means of self improvement.
What is Christian Humanism?
100
These co-rulers of Spain oversee the Spanish Inquisition, consolidating Spain as a Christian nation. They also invested in exploration, making Spain the predominant colonial power in Europe in the 16th century.
Who are Ferdinand and Isabella?
100
This Portuguese royal invested large amounts of money in expeditions along the Western Coast of Africa. This lays the foundations that start the Age of Exploration.
Who is Prince Henry the Navigator?
100
Describe the Commercial Revolution
Era of drastic change t European agricultural economic society. Shift to more centralized, money based economies over barter.
200
This social group saw a decline in their political power during the Middle Ages that paved the way for the political centralization that would occur during the Renaissance.
Who are the nobles?
200
This Italian poet is often called the "Father of Humanism." He advocated for the study of ancient texts and helped revive interest in antiquity. His death in 1374, along with the author Boccacio, is usually cited as the beginning of the Renaissance.
Who is Petrarch?
200
This thinker that wrote In Praise of Folly attacked corrupt church practices and advocated for a return to simple, Christian ethics as well as a greater focus on education for everyday people. Name this thinker, often called the "Father of the Reformation" because of the impact his work would later have on Christian reform movements.
Who is Erasmus?
200
This French ruler was one of the first New Monarchs. He used vast political and spy networks throughout Europe to consolidate power.
Who is Louis XI, The Spider King?
200
The motivations for European explorers can be explained using what three word phrase?
Bonus points for explaining each point!
God - Spread Christianity to "uncivilized" lands, weaken Muslim empires by finding alternative trade routes
Glory - Amassing more colonies and trade routes made empires more politically powerful and prestigious
Gold - New trade routes and colonies offered new sources of valuable resources
200
An influx of resources from the New World, rising populations, and pressures on food supply caused this, an era of increased inflation that directly leads to the Commercial Revolution.
What is the Price Revolution?
300
This term refers to the period from 1309-1377 where Pope Clement V moved the throne of the Catholic Church from Rome to France.
Bonus points for naming an effect of this!
What is the Avignon Papacy/Babylonian Captivity?
Made the Church seem more political rather than spiritual, sows seeds of reform
300
Name two aspects of Italian Renaissance art?
linear perspective, chiaroscuro, focus on antiquity, incorporation of renaissance figures like the Medicis. Answers will vary.
300
Name two aspects of Northern Renaissance art
naturalism, creation of new oil paints, religious imagery, etc.
300
Name the four claims/powers that New Monarchs gained (its okay if you describe them)
Tax monopoly - Taxes now paid directly to the crown instead of being levied through local lords and mayors
Military force - Creation of large, standing armies controlled directly by the crown instead of relying on vassal troops
Royal justice - Creation of courts answerable to the crown rather than local authorities or the Church
Religious doctrine - Right of monarch to set religious doctrine and religious personnel in their realm
300
This Spanish conquistador defeated the Aztecs of Central America in the name of the Spanish Empire.
Who is Hernan Cortes?
300
This new way to track economic transactions entailed recording transactions twice, as both a debit and a credit.
What is Double-entry bookkeeping?
400
Education during the Middle Ages was formed through scholasticism, an education heavily based in religious thought and theology. The Renaissance and humanism challenged scholasticism by introducing this to the world of education, thought separate from religious doctrine.
What is secular thought/secularism?
400
One of the first artists of the Italian Renaissance. This artist used natural poses and expression in sculpture. His most famous work is the sculpture below, David
Who is Donatello?
400
This invention created by Johanes Gutenberg helped spread Renaissance ideas throughout Europe
What is the printing press?
400
This new form of Royal Court was created by King Henry VII. It answered directly to the British crown and bypassed the slow system of English common law.
What is the Star Chamber?
400
This edict signed by the Pope in 1494 divided the world between Spain and Portugal by drawing a line down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
The Treaty of Tordesillas (Spain gets the West which included much of the New World, Portugal gets Brazil and the trade routes to Africa)
400
This new form of economies emerges during the Commercial Revolution as European empires expand their colonial holdings. It describes an economic system in which colonies import raw goods to their mother country for lower than market value and the mother country created refined goods to sell on the market. A form of colonial wealth extraction.
What is Mercantilism?
500
During the Middle Ages, most works were produced in Latin. This changed during the Renaissance where more works were produced in this, a term that refers to the common language of a land
What is the vernacular?
500
Which political thinker wrote The Prince, a political guidebook that advocated for rulers to use any means necessary to consolidate and hold onto power.
Who is Machiavelli?
500
This Northern Renaissance painter developed new techniques surrounding oil paints and did NOT include references to the Greeks and Romans in his work. His painting below shows the emphasis of naturalism and layered oil techniques in Northern Renaissance artwork
Who is Jan van Eyck?
500
This monarch can be viewed as the "end product" of the New Monarchs. He uses the foundations laid by his father and other New Monarchs to institute top down religious reform in England.
Who is Henry VIII?
500
This term refers to the systems of trade between the New World and Europe that introduced Europeans to things like potatoes, corn, tomatoes, etc. while the New World received tropical fruits, horses, pigs, and disease.
Bonus points for naming and explaining the trade system that grows out of the Columbian Exchange!
What is the Columbian Exchange?
Later molds into the triangle trade system. Europe gets raw goods (metal ores, tobacco, cotton, etc.), Africa gets finished goods (guns, cloth, glassware), New World colonies get African slaves for plantations
500
These two joint-stock companies were some of the first corporate entities people could invest in. They were used as arms of colonialism
What are the Dutch East India Company and British East India Company?
600
This painting emphasized the importance of antiquity and classical thought to the Italian Renaissance.
Bonus points for naming the artist!
The School of Athens by Raphael
600
This Northern Renaissance painter was known for his use of naturalism and his portrayals of everyday peasant life
Who is Pieter Brugel/Brugel the Elder?
600
This agreement between Francis I of France and Pope Leo X gave the French king the right to nominate bishops, abbots, and other high church officals.
Bonus points if you name an effect of this!
What is the Concordat of Bologna (1516)?
600
Name the three changes to European farming/agriculture that occurred during the Commercial Revolution.
Enclosure - Privatizing of previously common lands
Free tenure/Free peasantry - People could now buy their land outright, notably does not come into effect in Eastern Europe
Restriction of the village commons - Similar to enclosure, but happening in more urbanized villages and towns
700
This English writer and lawyer was a friend and advisor to King Henry VIII. His book Utopia criticized the corruption, greed, and social injustice of 16th century Europe.
Who is Thomas More?
700
This European political entity serves as an example of a region/dynasty that DID NOT engage in New Monarch centralization because of the fragmented nature of the area.
What is the Holy Roman Empire or the Hapsburgs?
800
This concept, introduced by French philosopher Jean Bodin in his work Six Books of the Commonwealth, gave New Monarchs the political vocabulary to justify their new claims to power.
What is sovereignty?
900
King Henry VIII instituted this edict that formally separated England from the Catholic Church. In doing so, he created the Anglican Church using top-down religious reform, with the monarch of England serving as the Head of the English Church.
What is the Act of Supremacy (1534)?