Renaissance
1. Use of perspective
2. Classical forms of beauty
3. Christian themes/subjects
What are some important characteristics of Italian Renaissance Art?
In order to have a male heir, he passed the Act of Supremacy, declaring the king the ruler of the Church of England. He also closed all English monasteries, and sold off the land to nobles and merchants, gaining their loyalty and support in the process
Who was Henry VIII?
Leader of the of the Roundheads who defeated the Cavaliers and executed King Charles I. He took up the title of of Lord Protector, establishing a one-man rule supported by the army.
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
1. Religious wars had come to an end
2. Protestants emphasized the existence of a Supreme G-d, thus making the devil seem less threatening
3. The Scientific revolution and the enlightenment emphasized reason, so educated Europeans turned to rational explanations of natural events instead.
What are the reasons for the decline of witchcraft in the Eighteenth Century?
Organized many Portuguese voyages along the West Coast of Africa. By the time of his death, the Portuguese had established a series of trading posts along the West African coast. These posts did a thriving business in gold and slaves.
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
The most famous/influential Northern humanist who wrote the Praise of the Folly, a book that pokes fun at many groups. He was also a devout Catholic who wanted to reform the church (but not destroy it).
Who was (Desiderius) Erasmus?
A Catholic spiritual army whose activities were:
1.Catholic Education
2. Missionary work
3. Combating Protestantism
What was the Society of Jesus/Jesuits?
3. The purpose of government is to protect these natural rights- if it fails to do so, than the people have the right to replace them.
What were the beliefs of John Locke?
1. Agricultural Revolution led to a surplus of crops
2. The potato became a key food staple of many
3.Medical care began to improve (smallpox vaccine)
4. Wars were now fought with specific objectives
5. Commercial capitalism led to more prosperity
6. Powerful monarchs suppressed civil wars
7. Better transportation reduced the impact of local/periodic crop failures
What are some factors that promoted the population growth/increased life expectancy during the Eighteenth century?
1. New entrepreneurs such as merchants and bankers
2. New industries such as the printing press, shipbuilding, and the manufacturing of cannons and muskets.
3. Putting-out system (providing cloths, looms, and other equipment to rural families in order to avoid the guild system)
4. Joint-stock companies
5. Mercantilism
What were the features of the Commercial Revolution?
1. Use of oil paintings
2. Meticulous details
What are characteristics of Northern Renaissance art?
Formerly a prominent Huguenot, he converted to Catholicism when he became king since it was the dominant religion at that time. He passed the Edict of Nantes, which proclaimed the toleration of Calvinism and recognized the rights of French Protestants as a whole. This saved France after the conflict incited by the Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Who was Henry of Navarre/Henry IV?
Louis XIII's chief minister who tried to enhance royal power by weakening the nobility with the intendant system, where royal officials replaced nobles in a new administrative system. He also played a key role in the French intervention in the Thirty Years War.
Who was Cardinal Richelieu?
In this treaty:
1)England received French Canada and the land between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains
2)Prussia kept Silesia
3) France kept their Caribbean Sugar land and some commercial trading posts in India
What was the Treaty of Paris?
A method for scientific experimentation that began with direct observation of phenomena. This produces data that is systematically recorded and organized. The data leads to a tentative hypothesis that is retested in additional experiments.
What is the inductive method?
1. Human nature is selfish, untrustworthy, and corrupt.
2. Therefore a successful ruler must be ruthless and pragmatic. He must be strong like a lion, and shrewd like a fox.
3. The end justifies the means.
What were (Niccolo) Machiavelli's key beliefs?
Its purpose is to create art that would inspire worshippers and deepen the religious experience. Its key characteristics were:
1. Dramatic use of light and dark (called tenebrism)
2. Dramatic moments/intense emotion
3. Portrayal of everyday people that are not idealized
Russian ruler who realized that Russia had fallen behind Western Europe. He created a standing army and navy trained by foreign officers, improved Russian agriculture by introducing the potato, strengthened the Russian economy by importing skilled workers, and allowed Russian women to appear in public without veils. He also built St. Petersburg, defeated Sweden in in the Great Northern War, and tried to limit the old nobility's power by forcing them to shave their long beards.
Who was Peter the Great?
An "enlightened despot" who attempted to mildly reform Russia (was not prepared to risk radical reform), but reacted negatively to a rebellion known as Pugachev's Rebellion. This person also ignored the philosophes' arguments against war/territorial expansion.
Who was Catherine the Great?
A new view of the universe in which:
1. The universe is governed by universal laws that can be expressed by mathematical formulas.
2. The universe is viewed as a vast machine, created by God but working according to universal laws.
3. Supernatural and miraculous forces play no role.
4. Dominated Western thought until the discoveries of ALbert Einstein the early twentieth century.
What was the Newtonian view of the universe?
The old mindset believed that God had created the world for the singular purpose of preparing humans for salvation or damnation. However, this new mind-set placed more merit in the hands of individuals, as success in business relied mostly on a merchant's own skill rather than his social rank.
How was the Renaissance mind-set different than the Medieval mind-set?
He believed that God was perfect, while humans are corrupt and insignificant. Since G-d is all-knowing, he has predetermined who is going to be sent to heaven or hell. Those who are destined to be admitted to salvation, known as the elect, have the duty to Christianize the state.
What were John Calvin's beliefs?
A document that stated that the territories of the Habsburg empire were indivisible and that that Maria Theresa would inherit the throne and all Habsburg lands. Frederick the Great ignored this document and seized Silesia.
What was the Pragmatic Sanction?
2. They contained a growing urban population that created a demand for farm products.
Why were the Low Countries the leaders in farming during the Agricultural Revolution?
A group of thinkers/writers who dedicated themselves to exposing social problems and proposing reforms who espoused enlightened ideas, such as:
1. Humans should rely on reason, not miracles, to improve society.
2. Natural laws regulate both the universe and human society.
3. Happiness in this world was an inalienable right
4. Full religious tolerance
5. There should be no limitations on human liberty
6. Social progress
What were the Philosophes?