Unit 1: Thinking Geographically
The exact, precise physical location of a place on Earth.
Absolute Location
This 18th-century transition transformed manufacturing from home-based cottage industries to large-scale, automated factory production.
The Industrial Revolution
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
These are the specific circumstances that effectively compel a person to leave their current location, such as war, economic ruin, or political persecution.
Push Factors
A sovereign state that is inhabited by a relatively homogeneous group of people who share a common feeling of nationality.
Nation-State
Categorized as global, regional, national, or local.
Scale of Analysis
This specific type of expansion diffusion occurs when an underlying idea or principle spreads to a new group, but the specific cultural trait is modified or changed by the adopters.
Stimulus Diffusion
Parallel to the DTM focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage, shifting from infectious diseases in early stages to degenerative diseases like cancer in later stages.
Epidemiological Transition Model
This specific type of migration occurs when a migrant follows a path paved by relatives or members of their same community who previously migrated to the same destination.
Chain Migration
A specific gerrymandering tactic where district lines are redrawn to force two incumbent politicians (usually from the same opposing party) into the same district.
Hijacking
A type of region defined by a common set of characteristics, such as a shared language.
Formal Region
An assembly-line worker in an automobile manufacturing plant operates within this specific sector of the economy.
Secondary Sector
Government policies designed to reduce the birth rate of a country, such as China’s former One-Child Policy, are known by this term.
Anti-Natalist Policies
According to Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration, the majority of migrants move only a short distance, a phenomenon heavily tied to this spatial concept where interaction decreases as distance increases.
Distance Decay
A political power structure where authority is shared between a central government and regional/state governments. (Ex: USA)
Federal State (or Federalism)
The shrinking time distance between locations because of improved technologies.
Time-Space Compression
According to Walt Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth, a country reaches this final stage when its economy shifts heavily toward consumer goods and widespread service-sector employment.
Stage of High Mass Consumption
This mathematical rule allows geographers to calculate how long it will take a population to double by dividing 70 by the country's Natural Increase Rate (NIR).
Rule of 70
A migrant intending to move to a major coastal city but stopping permanently in an interior town because they found a good job along the way has experienced this geographic concept.
Intervening Opportunity
Forces that divide a state, destabilize it, or tear it apart (such as ethnic conflict or economic inequality).
Centrifugal Forces
The physical environment sets limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment.
Possibilism
In Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, nations that have a mix of core and peripheral economic traits, such as Brazil, India, or Mexico, are classified as this.
Semi-Periphery
Unlike Malthusians, these modern theorists believe that population growth can actually stimulate economic growth and technological innovation, leading to new ways of producing food and resources.
Boserupians
Wilbur Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model states that international migration peaks during this specific stage of the Demographic Transition Model.
Stage 2
A violent, fragmented geopolitical process where a region or state breaks down into smaller, often hostile units due to ethnic or cultural conflicts.
Balkanization