THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ECONOMIC SECTORS
MEASURING DEVELOPMENT
TRADE & THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
SUSTAINABILITY
100
The country where the Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s.
What is Great Britain? MC TIP — Why there: coal and iron together, navigable rivers and ports, capital from trade, and enclosure freeing up rural labor. The CED wants the reasons.
100
The sector that extracts raw materials from the earth — farming, fishing, mining, forestry.
What is the primary sector? MC TIP — Employment shifts from primary to secondary to tertiary as a country develops. A sector chart is a development indicator in disguise.
100
The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year.
What is gross domestic product (GDP)? MC TIP — GDP counts by LOCATION. GNP counts by ownership. GNI adds income from abroad. GDP per capita is the comparable version.
100
Selling a product at a price below the cost of production to drive out competitors or dump surplus.
What is dumping? MC TIP — Dumping triggers tariffs and trade disputes. It is one of the CED's named barriers-to-fair-trade concepts.
100
Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations.
What is sustainable development? MC TIP — The three pillars: economic, social, and environmental. A one-pillar answer loses the point.
200
The energy source that freed factories from riverbank locations and allowed them to cluster in cities.
What is coal (the steam engine)? MC TIP — Before steam, factories had to sit on falling water. Steam made agglomeration in cities possible — the Unit 6 connection.
200
The sector that processes raw materials into finished goods.
What is the secondary sector? MC TIP — Secondary employment peaks in the middle of development and then falls — that curve is how you read a sector graph.
200
The composite index combining life expectancy, education, and gross national income per capita.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)? MC TIP — HDI runs 0 to 1. It beats GDP alone because it captures health and education — but it still hides internal inequality.
200
A tax placed on imported goods to protect domestic industry.
What is a tariff? MC TIP — Tariffs and quotas are trade BARRIERS. Free-trade agreements remove them. Expect a stem asking who wins and who loses.
200
The United Nations' seventeen global targets for ending poverty and protecting the planet by 2030.
What are the Sustainable Development Goals? MC TIP — The CED names them directly. Know that they replaced the Millennium Development Goals and cover both core and periphery.
300
The 20th-century spread of industry to newly industrializing countries in Asia and Latin America.
What is the diffusion of industrialization (industrial relocation)? MC TIP — Driven by cheaper labor, weaker regulation, and improved containerized shipping. It is the mechanism behind deindustrialization in the core.
300
The sector that provides services — retail, transportation, health care, education.
What is the tertiary sector? MC TIP — Tertiary dominates in core economies. A country with over 70 percent tertiary employment is highly developed.
300
The index measuring the loss in human development due to inequality between men and women.
What is the Gender Inequality Index (GII)? MC TIP — Its three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment (education and parliamentary seats), and labor market participation.
300
The agreement replacing NAFTA that governs trade between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.
What is the USMCA? MC TIP — Regional trade blocs — USMCA, the EU, Mercosur, ASEAN — are supranational organizations with an economic purpose. Unit 4 connection.
300
The trade model guaranteeing producers in developing countries a minimum price and better working conditions.
What is fair trade? MC TIP — Fair trade targets the exact weakness of commodity dependence — price volatility set outside the producer's control.
400
A country's shift away from manufacturing toward services, leaving behind a Rust Belt.
What is deindustrialization? MC TIP — Effects: unemployment, out-migration, a shrinking tax base, and brownfields. It links Unit 7 straight back to Unit 6.
400
The sector involving the collection, processing, and manipulation of information — research, finance, and data analysis.
What is the quaternary sector? MC TIP — Quinary is the fifth: the highest-level decision-making — CEOs, top government officials, university leadership.
400
The share of all goods and services a country produces that go to export — a measure of trade dependence.
What are exports as a share of GDP? MC TIP — Commodity dependence is the danger: a peripheral country exporting one raw material is exposed to price swings it cannot control.
400
The theory that countries should specialize in what they produce most efficiently relative to others.
What is comparative advantage? MC TIP — Comparative advantage is the argument FOR free trade. Dependency theory is the argument against relying on it in the periphery.
400
Manufacturing that minimizes waste and pollution by using recycled inputs and renewable energy.
What is sustainable (green) manufacturing? MC TIP — Ecotourism is the travel version: nature-based tourism that funds conservation and local communities. Both are CED-named sustainability strategies.
500
Areas set aside where foreign firms receive tax breaks and relaxed regulations to encourage export manufacturing.
What are special economic zones (export processing zones, free-trade zones)? MC TIP — Mexico's maquiladoras and China's SEZs are the named examples. Benefit: jobs and investment. Cost: low wages and weak labor protection.
500
Economic activity that is unregulated, untaxed, and unrecorded in official statistics.
What is the informal sector? MC TIP — The informal sector is large in the periphery and makes GDP figures undercount real activity. That limitation gets tested.
500
The economic term for a country's total income divided by its population.
What is per capita income (GNI per capita)? MC TIP — Per capita means the average hides distribution. Two countries with identical per capita income can have wildly different inequality.
500
Small loans made to entrepreneurs, especially women, in low-income countries who lack access to formal banking.
What is microfinance (microlending)? MC TIP — The CED pairs microloans with female education and workforce participation as the highest-leverage development strategies.
500
The measure of total land and water needed to sustain a population's consumption and absorb its waste.
What is the ecological footprint? MC TIP — Core countries have far larger per-capita footprints than peripheral ones — the central equity argument in sustainability questions.
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