Kidneys
Describe urine flow starting in the kidneys:
Nephron, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelivs, ureter, bladder, urethra
The renal corpuscle consists of these two components:
The glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule
The amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys each minute:
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The process of substances returning from the filtrate to blood is known as:
Reabsorption
Is it normal to find glucose in a urinalysis?
No, this can indicate diabetes
Describe blood flow through the kidney.
Renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein
Which type of nephron makes concentrated urine?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
These cells contain chemoreceptors to sense NaCl content of filtrate.
Macula dense cells
The only region glucose is reabsorbed in the nephron.
Proximal convoluted tubule
This imbalance is characterized by a GFR of <15 mL/min
Renal failure
This describes entire kidney inflammation.
Pyelonephritis
Which vessels are parallel to the juxtamedullary nephrons?
Vasa recta
These cells send signals between macula densa and granular cells.
Mesangial cells
This region of the nephron is impermeable to water.
Ascending limb
Leukocytes found in the urine could indicate this.
What are the functions of the kidney?
•Regulate water volume and solute concentration in water (sodium, potassium, chloride)
•Regulate concentration of ions in extracellular fluid
•Ensure acid-base balance (H+ and HCO3-)
•Excrete metabolic wastes, toxins and drugs
•Produces calcitriol, erythropoietin and renin (calcium homeostasis, RBC production and BP regulation)
•Activates vitamin D
•Carries out gluconeogenesis when needed to regulate blood glucose levels
What is the typical pH of urine?
Around 6
When blood pressure increases, muscles stretch, leading to constriction of afferent arterioles, restricting blood flow into the glomerulus. This process is the:
Myogenic mechanism
What percentage of filtrate becomes urine?
Less than 1%
What is the muscle in the bladder called?
Detrusor muscle
The kidneys are behind the peritoneum. This is called:
Retroperitoneal
Which three openings make up the trigone of the bladder?
Ureter openings and urethral opening
What is the function of aldosterone?
Stimulates reabsorption of salt and water by the kidneys, increasing blood pressure and volume.
Urea is a breakdown product of:
Proteins
As we age, the kidneys shrink by about how much?
1/3