Research Methods & Design
Theory/hypothesis can be proven wrong through scientific observation or experiment
What is falsifiable?
"I knew it all along" bias
What is hindsight bias?
The group that receives the placebo
What is the control group?
Participants identity is protected
What is right to confidentiality?
The midpoint of a data set
What is the median?
Participants studied in their normal environment
What is naturalistic observation?
Changing your answer on a survey to help increase the chance of being accepted in society
What is social desirability bias?
The variable that is controlled by the researcher
What is independent variable?
Participants agree to take part in the study and understand the risks
What is informed consent?
Mean, median, and mode
Measures of Central Tendency
A long-term, in-depth study of one individual?
What is a case study?
Every member of target population has equal chance of being selected for study
What is random sample?
a phenomenon where a person experiences real improvements in their condition after receiving a fake or inactive treatment
What is a placebo effect?
tendency to overestimate how right we are
What is overconfidence?
How much do scores differ from the mean? Indicates spread-out data (spaces between the mean)
What is standard deviation?
Controlled procedure designed to support or disprove a hypothesis
What is experiment?
Tendency to seek out information that supports previously held beliefs
What is confirmation bias?
participants & researchers are unaware who is in control or experimental group
What is double blind?
Full explanation of the study when the research is concluded
2 variables move in the same direction
What is a positive correlation?
What is meta-analysis?
Population demographics are proportional within sample
What is representative sampling?
The measurable outcome of a study
What is dependent variable?
Ethic principle that states that it would be unethical to cause someone severe emotional distress
Do no harm/Protection from Harm
The mode is the highest value, the mean is pulled down by small # of low scores
What is negative skew (or negative distribution)
Research that establishes links between variables but does not manipulate them
What is correlational research?
Collecting and analyzing numerical data
What is quantitative research?
Making the dependent variable measurable so study can be replicated
What is an operational definition?
How many people scored lower than a certain value
What is percentile rank?
A p value of .05 or less means that it is 95% likely the results did not occur by chance
What is statistical significance?
Using random selection increases this ability to apply findings to a larger group.
Generalizability
A variable other than the independent variable that might affect results is called what?
Confounding variable
In a normal curve, about what percent of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean?
68%
Measurement of statistical significance, less than .05
What is P-Value?