MOD 26-28
We learn by THIS, when our minds naturally connect events/stimuli that occur in sequence.
What is association?
In operant conditioning, organisms associate their own actions with these.
What are consequences?
Pavlov's dogs learned to respond to the sound of a particular tone and NOT to other tones. This is called ______________.
What is discrimination?
Our brain's __________ _____________ underlie our intensely social nature.
What are mirror neurons?
This procedure involves reinforcers that gradually guide someone's actions toward a desired behavior.
What is shaping?
This is the process of learning associations.
What is conditioning?
This psychologist became modern behaviorism's most influential and controversial figure.
Who is BF Skinner?
Although initial learning is slower, this type of reinforcement produces greater resistance to extinction than is found with continuous reinforcement.
What is intermittent?
Coffee shops reward us with a free drink after every 10 purchased. This is an example of a _________ ____________ reinforcement schedule.
What is fixed ratio?
Pavlov's work provided a basis for this researcher's idea that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses.
Who is John Watson?
In this type of conditioning, we learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain.
What is classical?
Taking aspirin may relieve your headache, and pushing the snooze button will silence that annoying alarm. This is an example of:
What is negative reinforcement?
Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally THIS.
What is adaptive?
(or innate)
This researcher was among those who challenged the prevailing idea that all associations can be learned equally well.
Who is John Garcia?
In this type of conditioning, we learn to repeat acts that bring good results and to avoid acts that bring bad results.
What is operant?
There is more to learning than associating a response with a consequence; there is also THIS.
What is cognition?
This psychologist believed the following: "Good instruction demands 2 things. Students must be told immediately whether what they do is right or wrong and, when right, they must be directed to the step to be taken next."
Who is BF Skinner?
Because of this, stimuli similar to naturally disgusting or appealing objects will, by association, evoke some disgust or liking.
What is generalization?
In his dismissal of "mentalistic" concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov underestimated the importance of biological constraints and THESE TYPES OF PROCESSES on an organism's learning capacity.
What are cognitive processes?
(or cognition)
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of this type of learning.
What is associative?
If an experimenter reinforces a pigeon for pecking after seeing a human face, but not after seeing other images, the pigeon learns to recognize human faces. In this experiment, what type of stimulus is the human face?
What is discriminative stimulus?
An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff, which causes your eye to blink. From this experiment, this is the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.
What are: US: air puff UR: blink to air puff CS: tone after procedure CR: blink to tone