Unit 0
What are the 5 study types?
experimental, correlational, longitudinal, cross-sectional, and case studies
Somantic: Voluntary movement, has sensory and motor neurons.
Autonomic: Invountary organs like heart and lungs.
Difference betweeen Top-down processing and bottom-up
Top down; whole idea (prior expectation) smaller parts (painting w/ faces)
Bottom up; Smaller parts (sensory info)
What is the difference between Cross-sectional and Longitudinal study?
Cross-sectional: People of different ages at the same point in time
Longitudinal: Studies same people over time
What is the attribution theory?
We explain behaviors by crediting the situation or the person's internal dispositon
Explain all of the ethical guidelines
Confidentiality: names kept secret
Informed Consent: Must agree to be part of the study
Informed Assent: Minots and parents must agree.
Debriefing: Must be told the true purpose of the study
Deception: Not telling true purpose of study
No Harm: Mental/Physical
What are the different types of neurotransmitters?
GABA, Glutamate, Dopamine, Serotonin, ACH, norepinephrine, endorphins, Substance P
What are the Gestalt Principles?
Figure/ground, Closure, Proximity, Similarity.
What are the different parenting styles?
Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative
What is ethnocentrism?
The tendency to see your own group as more important than others
Positive correlations is when variables increase adn decrease together, while negative correlation is one variable increases the other decreases.
What are the different types of Hormones?
Oxytocin, Adrenaline, Leptin, Ghrelin, Melatonin.
What is the difference between Binocular and Monocular depth cues?
Binocular: how both eyes make up 3D image
Monocular: how WE form a 3D image FROM a 2D image
What is the ecological systems theory?
Microsystem- immediate environment w/ daily interaction
Mesosystem- Relationship b/w microsystem
Exosystem-environment you're not directly a part of that still impacts you
Macrosystem- societal and cultural influences
Chronosystem - Life stage and historical events
What is the difference between group think and group polarization?
Group think: Desire for harmony w/in a group leads to everyone going along w/ the same thinking, ignoring other possibilites or ideas.
Group polarization: the more time spend w/ a group the stronger thier thoughts / opinions will become
What is the biggest rule of correlation?
CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION
What is in the visual system and their definitions?
Retina:contains photoreceptors
Fovea: area of best vision
Rods: Black/white, dark adaptation: way more rods
Cones: color, bright light
Ganglion cells: create optic nerve
What is Gambler's Fallacy?
It is when someone believes something is more likely to happen bc its "due"
What are the stimulus and responses in classical conditioning and their functions?
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) — naturally triggers a response on its own (e.g., food)
Unconditioned Response (UR) — the natural, automatic reaction to the US (e.g., salivating to food)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) — a neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the US, triggers a response on its own (e.g., a bell)
Conditioned Response (CR) — the learned reaction to the CS alone (e.g., salivating to the bell)
Opennesss, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism
Random Assignment vs Random Sample
Random sample is a method for choosing participants for your study and everyone has a chance to take part which increases generalizability.
Random Assignment: assigns particiapants to either control or experimental group at random, which increases the chance of equal representation among groups which allows for cause and effect.
What are the different sleep cycles and functions?
NREM1; light sleep
NREM2; bursts of sleep spindles
NREM3; deep sleep
REM; dreaming, cognititve processing
REM Rebound; after sleep distruptions and/or lack of REM sleep youll have more/ more intense REM sleep
Difference between Proactive and Reteroactive interferece
Proactive: Old info blocks new info
Reteroactive: New info blocks old info
What is the difference between Neg and Pos reinforcements and pos and neg punishments
Reinforcements (increase behavior)
Punishments (decrease behavior)
Repression, Regression, Denial, Rationalization, Displacement, Projection, Reaction Formation and Sublimation.