Perspectives & Scientific Foundations
A psychologist studies how attention and memory influence the way people solve everyday problems. Name the perspective.
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What is the cognitive perspective?
This Big Five trait involves organization, dependability, and following through on plans.
What is conscientiousness?
A student remembers a concept more accurately after connecting it to a personal experience than after simply repeating its definition. Name the memory strategy that explains this advantage.
What is deep processing, or elaborative processing?
A certification exam measures what a person has already learned in a course. Name this type of test.
What is an achievement test?
A child receives extra time with a favorite game after finishing chores, and begins finishing chores more regularly. Name the learning process.
What is operant conditioning?
In a study testing whether background music affects reading speed, researchers record the number of pages read in a fixed time. Name the dependent variable.
What is the number of pages read in the fixed time?
A student believes that steady practice can improve their ability to play the piano. This belief in their ability to succeed at a particular task is called this.
What is self-efficacy?
After learning a new piano passage, a musician’s brain stabilizes and integrates the memory, especially during sleep. Name this process.
What is memory consolidation?
An adult draws on a large vocabulary and years of accumulated knowledge to answer questions. Name this kind of intelligence.
What is crystallized intelligence?
After a dog hears a particular tone immediately before meals on many occasions, the tone alone causes the dog to salivate. Name the learning process.
What is classical conditioning?
A study defines “class participation” as the number of times each student speaks during a 40-minute class. This is the study’s precise measure of a variable.
What is an operational definition?
After earning a high mark, a student credits careful preparation; after a low mark, the student blames confusing directions. This pattern is called this.
What is self-serving bias?
After a head injury, a person can recall events from before the injury but has difficulty forming new long-term memories. Name the condition.
What is anterograde amnesia?
After an election result is announced, a person insists that the outcome was obvious all along, despite having been unsure beforehand. Name the bias.
What is hindsight bias?
A new employee learns how to use a scheduling system by watching an experienced coworker demonstrate it. Name the learning process.
What is observational learning?
A research team plans to conceal the true purpose of a low-risk study. Before conducting it, the team submits its plan for review of participant protections; afterward, participants will be told the true purpose. Name the review body and the post-study process.
What are an institutional review board (IRB) and debriefing?
A researcher uses random procedures to place each participant into one of two treatment conditions. Name this assignment procedure.
What is random assignment?
A student knows a classmate’s name but cannot recall it during an introduction; later, the name comes to mind when the student sees the class roster. Name the memory problem illustrated.
What is retrieval failure?
A person continues to defend a claim even after the evidence that originally supported it has been discredited. Name this tendency.
What is belief perseverance?
Faced with a challenging puzzle, a student suddenly sees how its pieces fit together without trying each possible move. Name this kind of learning.
What is insight learning?
A psychologist helps a company improve employee selection, job satisfaction, and workplace productivity. Name the subfield.
What is industrial-organizational psychology?
In later adulthood, a person reflects on life with acceptance and a sense of meaning rather than regret and dissatisfaction. Name the Erikson stage and its positive outcome.
What is integrity versus despair, with integrity as the positive outcome?
A learner recalls the first and last items on a long list better than the items in the middle. Name this pattern.
What is the serial position effect?
After watching several news stories about apartment fires, a renter overestimates how likely a fire is in any apartment building. Name the judgment shortcut.
What is the availability heuristic?
A designer invents several different uses for a shipping box, rather than settling on a single solution. Name the type of thinking.
What is divergent thinking?