Classical Conditioning
This is the biological, natural behavior that is associated with a stimulus in Classical Conditioning.
What is an Unconditioned Response?
This term in Operant Conditioning will always result in INCREASING the desired behavior.
What is reinforcement or a reinforcer?
A biological limitation discovered by Garcia, this idea focuses on how certain foods may be favored over harmful foods without the process of conditioning needing to take place.
What is taste aversion?
This is the most successful type of reinforcement schedule. It rewards the subjects after an unpredictable number of responses. It is the reinforcement schedule most often used in slot machines.
What is a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule?
After watching his older brother get bitten by a dog, Marcus develops a fear of dogs himself, even though he has never been bitten or had a negative experience with a dog. What type of learning explains Marcus’s fear?
What is Vicarious Conditioning
Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell being rung. At this point, the bell would be considered what?
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
This term in Operant Conditioning will always result in a DECREASE of the desired behavior.
What is punishment or a punishment?
When you first started your job the sound that alerted you to a customer's arrival used to bother you. This is what it is called when the sound no longer bothers you once you've been working there for several months.
What is habituation?
This schedule reinforces a desired behavior some of the time in no apparent pattern.
What is a Partial (intermittent) Schedule?
A therapist helps a person stop biting their nails by having them apply a bitter-tasting substance to their nails. Over time, the unpleasant taste becomes associated with nail-biting, making the person less likely to engage in the behavior. What type of behavioral therapy is being used?
What is aversion therapy?
This is what an unconditioned response turns into when it is paired with a conditioned stimulus. For example salivation at the food becomes this when it is paired with a bell.
What is a Conditioned Response?
When a teacher gives you an A+ because you worked hard on an essay, what form of Operant Conditioning is being used?
What is Positive Reinforcement?
In Operant Conditioning, the process of a test subject getting closer and closer to the desired behavior each time they are reinforced or punished.
What is shaping?
A type of reinforcement schedule. Every time a student answers a question correctly in class, the teacher gives the student a piece of candy. What schedule of reinforcement is the teacher using?
What is Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?
A psychologist helps a student overcome their fear of dogs by first teaching relaxation techniques, then having the student imagine looking at a dog, viewing a dog from across the room, and eventually petting a calm dog. The student practices relaxation at each stage before moving to the next. What type of behavioral therapy is the psychologist using?
What is systematic desensitization?
If Beth gets in a car crash that results in her being conditioned to fear that specific location of the accident, what role does the accident play in Classical Conditioning?
What is the Conditioned Stimulus?
This states that behaviors with reinforcing consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors with punishing consequences are not as likely to be repeated.
What is the Law of Effect?
This is the description of stimulus generalization.
What is when a subject will respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus, as a result of the conditioning process?
A student knows that their psychology teacher gives a participation bonus to students who contribute to class discussions, but only the first time they participate after every 20-minute period earns the bonus. After receiving the bonus, the student’s participation slows down until the next 20 minutes have passed.
What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
After repeatedly using a drug, a person’s body begins producing physiological responses that counteract the drug’s effects. Eventually, the person experiences these same responses when entering the environment where they usually take the drug, even before taking it. What are these anticipatory physiological responses called?
What are compensatory responses?
If a dog is classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of the bell, and we remove that stimulus from the equation, what will eventually happen to the dog's conditioned response? What would it be called if the conditioned response came back quickly?
What is extinction and spontaneous recovery? The association between the bell and salivation will weaken over time until it is forgotten entirely.
** Daily Double**
Whenever Marcus’s teacher turns on a green light at the front of the classroom, Marcus knows he can earn extra credit by answering a challenging question. When the light is off, answering questions does not earn extra credit. Marcus begins raising his hand whenever the green light is on. What is serving as the discriminatory stimulus
What is the green light?
** Daily Double**
If a test subject has been conditioned to salivate to a bell, but will not also salivate to a whistle, we would consider it an example of this term.
What is stimulus discrimination?
A reinforcement schedule. A car wash employee earns a $10 bonus for every 5 cars they wash. After earning each bonus, the employee must wash 5 more cars before earning the next one. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
What is a Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
This is a full summary of Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Experiment, including a description of the premise of the experiment and the UCS, CS, UCR, and CR.
What is training dogs to salivate at the sound of a tone, UCS: food, UCR: salivation at food, CS: tone, CR: salivation at tone?