Water
Because water is a polar molecule, the oxygen atom carries this type of partial charge.
Negative charge
These three elements make up approximately 95% of the mass of all living organisms.
Carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
The most basic unit of a carbohydrate is known as a:
Monosaccharide
All lipids contain these three elements.
These monomers are the building blocks of proteins, consisting of a central carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a variable R-group.
Amino acids
Water molecules stick to other polar or charged surfaces through this phenomenon, which works alongside cohesion to fuel capillary action in plant xylem.
Adhesion
While carbohydrates and lipids consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, proteins and nucleic acids uniquely require this element to build their monomers.
Nitrogen
The monomers of carbohydrates primarily form this type of structure.
Ring-structures
Unlike carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are grouped together because they share this physical property regarding water.
Hydrophobic
Primary structure is the unique linear sequence of amino acids joined together by these specific covalent bonds formed during dehydration synthesis.
Peptide bonds
Water resists drastic temperature changes in coastal ecosystems because breaking its network of hydrogen bonds requires absorbing a high amount of heat, demonstrating this property.
High specific heat
Peptide bonds between amino acids are broken down during digestion through this type of reaction, which requires the addition of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
Animals store glucose primarily in this highly branched polymer found in the liver and muscle tissue.
Glycogen
These fatty acids lack double bonds in their hydrocarbon tails, allowing them to pack tightly together and remain as solids at room temperature.
Saturated fatty acids
If an amino acid has this type of R-group, it will be hydrophobic.
Nonpolar
Ice floats on liquid water because hydrogen bonds lock water molecules into a crystalline lattice, causing ice to have a lower value for this property.
Density
When two amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis, the carboxyl group of one reacts with this functional group of the other to form a peptide bond.
Amino group
Ribose is a 5-carbon monosaccharide with this chemical formula:
C5H10O5
Unlike triglycerides and phospholipids, cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone belong to the lipid class because they are hydrophobic, but they are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of this specific arrangement.
Four fused carbon rings
At this level of protein structure, complex bonding between R-groups causes a protein to fold into a globular structure.
Tertiary structure
High cohesion allows tall trees to pull a continuous column of water up to 100 meters against gravity without breaking. The water is absorbed from the roots and released as water vapor through the leaves. This process is known as:
Transpiration
A linear polysaccharide is composed of 285 glucose monomers. To degrade this molecule entirely, this number of water molecules would be required.
284
Most animals cannot digest cellulose for energy because they lack the specific enzymes required to hydrolyze this exact bond configuration.
B-1,4 glycosidic linkages
(Accept: B-glycosidic linkages)
During the complete synthesis of a single phospholipid molecule from glycerol, two fatty acids, and a modified phosphate group, this exact number of water molecules is produced via dehydration synthesis.
Three water molecules
The amino acid cysteine contains a sulfhydryl ($-\text{SH}$) group. When two cysteine residues come close together in a folded protein, their R-groups form these strong covalent cross-links that stabilize tertiary and quaternary structure against denaturation.
Disulfide bridges