Unit 1 - The Global Tapestry
Why was the tribute system used?
Legitimize a leader's rule
Centralize authority
Pay respect to a ruler in order to peacefully coexist
What was an impact of the Mongols?
They took over a huge area of territory stretching from Europe to Asia
Developed new horseback riding/archery strategies
Cultural diffusion
Spread of disease
Religiously tolerant
The Ottoman, Safavid, & Mughal Empires were known as ______________ empires
Gunpowder
Why did states sponsor maritime exploration? (3G's)
List some of the maritime empires of the time
Gold, God, & Glory
Portugal, Dutch, Spain, England, France
What are some negative effects of industrialization?
Pollution - air/rivers
Child labor
Limited workers rights
Why do countries utilize imperialism at this time?
Need for natural resources, spread culture & religion, land, etc.
What were the causes of WWI?
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Explain the ending of WWII
US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki - led to Japanese withdrawal and end of WWII
What were the two main reasons why the Cold War escalated to a major point of tension?
Spread of communism vs containment of communism
Arms race
Explain the Korean War
War fought between the Communist north (USSR) and the non-Communist south (U.S.)
Led to a division along the 38th parallel, still to this day
Describe some advances in technology
Communication, medical, new energy, agricultural
Explain the effects of Mansa Musa on the religion of Islam.
Traveled extensively - documented and spread beliefs
Used his wealth (King of Mali) to build mosques and help convert people to Islam
Embarked on the Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca (one of the 5 Pillars)
Explain an impact of the Silk Road
Stretched from China, Europe, & N. Africa
Goods transported via camel caravans
Diseases spread
Mostly luxury goods - silk & porcelain
Cultural diffusion
What major innovation was invented in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg that led to increased literacy rates & spread of information?
Printing press
What ship did the Portuguese develop to aid in trade and faster transportation? What was special about it?
Who was John Locke and what were his ideas?
Enlightenment thinker - natural rights (life, liberty, & property)
What are negatives of imperialism?
Spread of disease
Slavery/conquest
Conflict between colonizers or colonizers & those they colonized
Describe the warfare in WWI
Trench warfare - dirty, depressing, diseases, lots of death
Explain the impact of the Holocaust
Mass persecution of Jews and other minorities
Led to the establishment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
What was the third "alliance" in the Cold War, where the countries involved did not want to be associated with NATO or the Warsaw Pact and wanted to be left alone
Non-Aligned Movement/Countries
Explain the Vietnam War
War fought between the Communist north (USSR) and the non-Communist south (U.S.)
Led to Vietnam becoming completely communist and then spreading communism to Laos & Cambodia
Describe some advances in energy
Positives: Petroleum & natural gas, nuclear energy, solar energy
Negatives: pollution & nuclear disasters
In Hinduism, what was the purpose of the caste system?
Social Hierarchy - every person had set place/role in society
Very rigid - people could not move up the system very easily
What were caravans used for?
Traveling over the Trans-Saharan/Silk Road trade routes
Carrying items like gold and ivory
Used for safety & ability to carry lots of goods at once
What were the effects of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan?
Abolishment of feudalism
Decision to begin industrialization & trade with the West
In England, indentured servitude was used. What was indentured servitude?
Work for seven years and then gain freedom
Describe the estate system
1st-clergy
2nd-nobility
3rd-majority
3rd estate pays all the taxes and are treated poorly
Explain the Scramble for Africa (what was the conference, who was/was not present, why was it held)
Berlin Conference of 1884 - only Europeans allowed; no Africans present
Conference was held to see who got what land in Africa
Why did the US enter WWI?
Sinking of the Lusitania
Zimmermann Telegram
What are the five causes of WWII?
Appeasement
Failure of the League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
Great Depression
Invasion of Poland
What were the two plans that the US came up with that defined their stance on communism?
Truman Doctrine - policy of containment
Marshall Plan - money/aid to countries in return for resisting communism
What makes countries independence movements in India, South Africa, & America unique to others we have studied?
Non-violence
Describe some advances in medicine
Antibiotics (penicillin)
Vaccines
Birth control
Describe feudalism. How does it show the greater societal norms of Europe in 1200-1450?
Land=power
People at the top (kings, clergy) gave serfs land to work on/protection, in exchange for loyalty
Shows how the Roman Catholic Church is the most powerful body in Europe
Explain an impact of the Indian Ocean trade route
Linked societies by sea
Used monsoon winds
Implemented maritime innovations - compass, astrolabe, & junk ships
What was the impact of the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther wrote the 95 Thesis - challenged the church's power, specifically in selling indulgences
Monarchs began to consolidate power - created taxes, controlled militaries/religion
Led to absolutism
What was the Columbian Exchange?
Transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases from the East to the West and vice versa
Who was Baron de Montesquieu and what were his main ideas?
Enlightenment thinker - separation of powers & checks & balances
Explain the Opium Wars (what happened, and what did it lead to)
Britain began selling opium in China
Chinese became addicted to the drug, and they fought a war over it - Britain won due to advanced military
Led to the Treaty of Nanjing - China had to give up money, 5 ports for trade, and Hong Kong
What treaty ended WWI and what were its terms? What were its effects?
Treaty of Versailles - pay reparations, demilitarize, give away land, take full responsibility
Caused resentment and led to the rise of Adolf Hitler
What is appeasement?
Giving in to an aggressor - in WWII, allowing Hitler to take land in hopes that he would not invade
What happened after India gained independence?
India and Pakistan were partitioned (split) by Britain, with Hindus gaining India and Muslims gaining Pakistan
Led to massive conflicts between the groups, still going on to this day
Groups like the Shining Path & Al-Qaeda resisted in what way?
Violent resistance
Describe the spread of disease
Spread a lot through poverty
Malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, flu, COVID, HIV/AIDS
In the Aztec & Inca civilizations, how did they control their people
Aztec - tribute system
Inca - mit'a system - mandatory system of labor (worked on public infrastructure mostly)
Who was the explorer that traveled along the Indian Ocean trade route and sailed for China. Made stops in India and Africa, and was known for having a large fleet of ships.
Zheng He
What was an impact of the gunpower empires during this time period?
Use of gunpowder weapons - ease of conquering land and territories
Advancement in weapons
What were joint-stock companies? What was an example of one?
Businesses where investors pooled money, sharing risks and profits to fund maritime exploration and colonial expansion
British East India Company & Dutch East India Company
How did the French Revolution impact revolutions in Latin America?
The revolution in France inspired the revolutions in Latin America with Enlightenment ideas and ideas of rebelling
Explain the belief of Social Darwinism
Belief of white superiority due to skin color, strong nations had the right to rule over weaker ones, and Christianity is the greatest religion
Explain the Russian Revolution?
Russia had weak leaders, little rights for citizens, no food, and had lost a lot of people during WWI
Vladimir Lenin & the Bolsheviks started a communist revolution, overthrowing the czar
Why does the US join the war?
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
Explain the impact of Mao Zedong on Communist China
Ruthless dictator in China - hardline communist
Great Leap Forward - aimed to industrialize China, but failed miserably b/c peasants were forced to make steel - led to 35-46 million deaths
Cultural Revolution - aimed to help Mao keep control over China; had the Little Red Book & Red Guards to keep control
What event marks the beginning of the fall of the Soviet Union?
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Describe examples of globalization
Spread of art, religion, music, technologies, films, transportations, sports, social media, etc.
What was one of the advancements of China under dynasties like the Song?
Grand Canal - connections & trade
Merit-based bureaucracy (meritocracy) - civil service exams
Use of tribute
Discovered gunpowder
Explain an impact of the Trans-Saharan trade route
Linked N. Africa/Mediterranean to the interior of Africa
Trade of salt, gold, ivory, slaves (eventually)
Made possible by camels
Spread of Islam
Under Ottoman Empire, what tax did people have to pay to the Ottomans? What did this help the Ottomans create?
Devshirme - blood tax, where Ottomans took Christian boys from the Balkans to serve as state officials or military officers
Janissaries - elite squad in the Ottoman army
In the Americas, the Casta System was used. Describe the Casta System
Social Hierarchy
Ranking system going from Europeans --> mixed ancestry --> Indigenous
Explain a political, social, economic effect of industrialization
Answers will vary...
Explain the Sepoy Rebellion (what happened, why, and what did it lead to)
Revolt by Indian soldiers over the involvement of Britain in the country
Were discriminated against via religion, jobs, and finally their culture (beef & pork fat on gun casings)
Britain won, India did not gain independence until 1947
How did the Treaty of Versailles contradict what Woodrow Wilson wanted?
Woodrow Wilson wanted a less-strict version - "peace without victory"
Favored self-determination --> a country has the right to pick how they want to govern themselves
What are differences between fascism and communism?
Fascism (far-right )promotes intense nationalism, strict social classes, and private property that is regulated by the government
Communism (far-left) aims for a classless society with communal ownership of production, prioritizing worker unity
Explain the independence movement in Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh led the independence movement in Vietnam (independence from France)
Sided with communism in N. Vietnam, eventually took over the whole country after the Vietnam War
Describe the policies of glasnost & perestroika
Allowed for people in the Soviet Union to have more freedoms - right to vote, freedom of speech, right to make their own money, etc.
In the Delhi Sultanate, high-ranking Muslims employed the jizya tax. What was it and why was it important?
Muslims made non-Muslims pay taxes to live in their territory; largely religiously tolerant
Who was the explorer who traveled the Trans-Saharan trade route and worked to spread Islam?
Ibn Battuta
Under the Mughal Empire, who were the group that collected taxes, and often were able to keep some of the money for themselves?
Zamindars
Under Spain, who was the famous explorer who mistakenly thought he found the West Indies?
What was the treaty where Spain and Portugal agreed upon who controlled what in the Americas?
Christopher Columbus
Treaty of Tordesillas
Describe the difference between Adam Smith's ideas vs Karl Marx's ideas
Marx - wanted the proletariat (working class) to overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class). Also favored no private property, and everybody contributes to the greater good
Due to the Industrial Revolution, people began to migrate. Why did they do this? What resulted from the migration?
Migrants who moved to other areas created ethnic enclaves (areas where migrants who were from the same country settled)
Moved for new jobs, money, trouble in the home country
How did totalitarian leaders come to power?
Leaders like Stalin & Hitler took power due to massive unrest in their countries, economic problems, populist movements, etc.
Explain the want for Indian independence?
Britain had colonized India in the 1800s
In the early 1900s, Gandhi began his campaign of civil disobedience & nonviolence
Eventually led to Indian independence, the partition of India, and the creation of Pakistan
What were the impacts of the Yalta & Potsdam conferences?
Both were conferences disputed the use of free elections in Europe; also disputed territories held by each side