Biodiversity Basics
Eco Services
Island Biogeography
Tolerance/
Disruptions
Disruptions
Adaptations
Succession
100
The three levels of biodiversity are genetic, species, and ......
What is ecosystem (habitat) diversity?
100
The benefits humans receive from healthy ecosystems are called ....
What are ecosystem services?
100
Given two islands that are the same distance from the mainland but differ in size, the larger island typically has ____ species compared to the smaller one.
What is "more"?
100
The range of conditions, such as temperature or pH, in which a species can survive is called this.
What is the range of tolerance?
100
A trait that increases an organism’s survival and reproduction in its environment is this.
What is an adaptation?
100
The gradual change in a community’s species composition over time is this.
What is succession?
200
This term describes the number of different species in a community
What is species richness?
200
Timber, freshwater, food, crops are all examples of this ecosystem service.
What is provisioning services?
200
An island close to the mainland has a higher rate of _________ than a distant one.
What is immigration?
200
Any factor, such as water, nutrients, or temperature, that restricts population growth is called this.
What is a limiting factor?
200
Natural selection requires variation, overproduction of offspring, differential survival and reproduction, and _______, so that advantageous traits reach the next generation.
What is heritability?
200
The first organisms to colonize a barren area are called this.
What are pioneer species?
300
Forest A has 90 oaks and 10 maples. Forest b has 50 oaks and 50 maples. Both have the same richness but this measure differs.
What is evenness?
300
Wetlands absorb floodwater and trees regulate climate. This is an example of which ecosystem service?
What is regulating?
300
The number of species on an island stabilizes when these two rates are equal
What are immigration and extinction?
300
On a tolerance curve, organisms can survive but experience reduced growth and reproduction in this zone.
What is the zone of physiological stress?
300
A farmer sprays an insecticide that kills 99% of a pest population. Later sprays work less well. This is the term for the pesticide’s role, and the reason resistance spreads.
What is selective pressure?
300
Succession on bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier is this type
What is primary succession?
400
A population that has high genetic diversity is much more likely to survive a disease outbreak because this exists within it.
What is variation?
400
Clearing mangroves for shrimp farms gains a provisioning service but sacrifices this service. Name one, plus a human consequence.
What is storm and flood protection?
(Will also accept carbon storage and nursery for fish)
Human consequences include vulnerability to storm surge and erosion
400
Small islands have higher extinction rates for this reason
What are "smaller populations and fewer resources"?
400
A volcanic eruption destroys a forest in a single event, while a multi-year drought slowly thins it. Natural disruptions like these are classified by how long they last and how often they occur, and this is the term for how a community’s ability to return to its original state after a disturbance is described.
What is resilience?
400
Bacteria can become antibiotic resistant within months, while whales evolved from land mammals over millions of years. In both cases, adaptation happens through small changes at the ________ level, accumulated across generations/
What is "genetic"?
400
Secondary succession proceeds faster than primary succession because this is already present.
What is soil (with its nutrients and seed bank)?
500
After a population bottleneck, cheetahs can recover however they still remain vulnerable. Explain why
What is "they still have low genetic diversity"?
500
New York City protected the Catskills watershed rather than building a costly filtration plant. This shows that ecosystem services have this.
What is economic value?
500
A national park surrounded by farmland and cities is like an island. Predict the effect on species richness and name one fix.
What is a decrease in species richness over time?
(Isolated, smaller fragments lose species. Wildlife corridors increase immigration and allow recolonization.)
500
Adult trout tolerate the current stream temperature, yet the population is declining. This is a likely tolerance-related explanation.
What is narrower tolerance in early life stages?
(Eggs and juveniles often have a narrower range than adults, so a tolerance range is not constant across a lifespan.)
500
A student writes, “Moths changed color to match the soot-darkened trees.” Correct the misconception.
(Individual moths do not change. Darker moths survived and reproduced more, so the population’s proportion of dark moths increased over generations.)
500
A student claims a climax community is permanent and never changes. Give the flaw in this reasoning.
What is that disturbances (fire, storms, disease) regularly reset or alter mature communities?
Ecosystems are dynamic, and a “climax” community is a relatively stable stage, not a fixed endpoint.