SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
RECEPTOR RAPID FIRE
SPINAL & EPIDURAL ANATOMY
CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW & BRAIN
IMAGE IDENTIFICATION
Others
DEFINITIONS
100
These fibers are efferent myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibers.
What are B fibers?
100
This cranial nerve carries approximately 75% of parasympathetic output.
What is the vagus nerve (CN X)?
100
Beta-1 stimulation causes this cardiac effect.
What is increased contractility (inotropy)?
100
This ligament produces the characteristic "pop" during epidural placement.
What is ligamentum flavum?
100
This EEG wave waveform predominates in REM sleep, awake state, and light anesthesia and is characterized by high frequency and low amplitude
What is beta?
100
Identify the structure D and what section of the ear?
Incus: middle ear
100
This cell type has the most negative resting membrane potential.
What is skeletal muscle?
A neuron is approximately -60 to -70 mV, smooth muscle is approximately -50 to -60 mV, and this tissue is approximately -85 to -95 mV.
100
This occurs when a synapse becomes better at transmitting signals after repeated use, making activation of the same pathway easier over time.
What is facilitation?
200
This structure serves as the entry point for preganglionic sympathetic fibers into the sympathetic chain.
What is the white ramus?
200
The neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
What is acetylcholine?
200
Beta-2 stimulation in the lungs causes:
What is bronchodilation?
200
Loss of resistance indicates entry into this space.
What is the epidural space?
200
Increasing this arterial gas causes cerebral vasodilation.
What is CO2?
200
Identify the structure responsible for equilibrium.
What is the vestibular apparatus?
200
These two nitrogenous bases are classified as purines.
These two nitrogenous bases are classified as pyrimidines in DNA.
What are adenine and guanine?
What are thymine and cytosine?
200
This type of summation increases signal strength by recruiting additional nerve fibers and is generally slower than increasing firing frequency.
What is spatial summation?
300
These receptors cause smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction when stimulated.
What are alpha-1 receptors?
300
These receptors are found at parasympathetic target organs and use G proteins.
What are muscarinic receptors?
300
This receptor is located at autonomic ganglia.
What is N1?
300
The spinal cord normally ends around this vertebral level.
What is L2?
300
The cerebral autoregulation curve shifts this direction in chronic hypertension.
What is right?
300
This ion is primarily responsible for depolarization of cochlear hair cells.
What is potassium?
300
A patient receives a local anesthetic. The primary site where local anesthetics exert their action is this structure.
What is the Node of Ranvier?
300
This phenomenon occurs when one neuron fires repeatedly in rapid succession, increasing the strength of the signal over time.
What is temporal summation?
400
This receptor decreases sympathetic outflow when activated. Dex and clonidine are agonists of this receptor.
What is alpha-2?
400
This medication blocks muscarinic receptors and increases heart rate.
What is atropine?
400
This receptor is located at the neuromuscular junction.
What is N2?
400
The bundle of freely floating nerve roots below the conus medullaris.
What is the cauda equina?
400
This EEG wave predominates in deep anesthesia and characterized by very low frequency, low-high amplitude
What is delta?
400
Identify this structure in the ear
external auditory meatus
400
About ____ % of smooth muscle contraction is controlled locally by chemicals and hormones that act directly on the muscle, without needing a nerve signal or action potential.
What is 50%?
400
This occurs when multiple neurons synapse onto a single postsynaptic neuron, allowing information from several pathways to be integrated.
What is convergence?
500
A patient develops severe hypertension and reflex bradycardia after bladder distention below a spinal cord lesion. This syndrome is called what?
What is autonomic hyperreflexia?
500
Name four physiologic effects of parasympathetic stimulation.
What are decreased HR, increased secretions, increased GI motility, and miosis?
500
Tyrosine → L-DOPA → Dopamine → ______ → Epinephrine
What is norepinephrine?
500
Place these structures in order:
Dura, Flavum, Arachnoid, Epidural Space
What is Flavum → Epidural Space → Dura → Arachnoid?
500
A patient with elevated ICP develops hypercarbia. What happens?
What is increased cerebral blood flow and increased ICP?
500
These vessels provide the major anterior circulation.
What are the internal carotid arteries?
500
A mutation is most likely to cause this cellular consequence.
What is abnormal protein formation?
500
This process occurs when a sensory receptor becomes less responsive to a constant stimulus over time.
What is sensory receptor adaptation?