Native Americans pre-conquest
This was the main crop that was adopted by groups like the Anasazi/Pueblo people in modern day New Mexico
Maize or Corn
The transmission and interchange of plants, animals, diseases, cultures, human populations, and technologies between the New World and Old World.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This country settled large parts of western South America, Central America, and Mexico
What is Spain?
Term referring to person of mixed Spanish and Native American descent
Mestizo
The Three Gs that motivated European exploration.
God, Gold, and Glory
Group in the Caste system below the People born in Spain, but still of full European descent
Creoles
Following the conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish adapted this preexisting Inca labor obligation to compel Indigenous communities to provide workers, particularly for the massive silver mines
Mita System
Native peoples in the Great Plains relied heavily on this animal for food, clothing, shelter, and tools.
What is the buffalo/bison?
Perhaps the worst trade of the Columbian Exchange, this specific thing killed far more Native Americans than guns or steel.
What is Smallpox?
Name of the Spanish Conquistador that conquered the Incan Empire?
What is Francisco Pizzaro?
Author of Historia de las Indias, questioned the legitimacy of Spain's conquest and fought for better treatment of Native Americans.
Bartolome de las Casas
This man was an Italian explorer and colonizer. He stumbled upon the Caribbean and became the first European to visit the island of Hispanola.
Christopher Columbus
Group that was on top of the Spanish Caste System, someone that was born in Spain
Peninsulares
In 1680, this Pueblo religious leader organized a coordinated uprising that temporarily drove the Spanish out of present-day New Mexico
Popé
What were the three staple crops (Three Sisters) that many native tribes in North America (Northeast and Southeast) used?
Beans, Corn, and Squash
This European country took the early lead in establishing maritime trading posts along the African coast.
What is Portugal?
A system for dividing residents of New Spain in to race base social system with Europeans at the top.
What is, The Spanish Caste System?
System in which Indians provided land owners with labor tribute in exchange for legal protection and religious guidance. Native Americans frequently exploited and treated harshly.
Encomienda System
Name for Spanish conquerors of the "New" World, including Hernan Cortes
Conquistadores
As Native populations declined, Spain increasingly relied on this institution to spread Christianity and extend control into frontier regions.
Mission System
This centuries-long campaign to establish Christian control over the Iberian Peninsula ended with the fall of Granada in 1492 and helped shape Spanish ideas about conquest and religious conversion in the Americas.
The Reconquista
hunter-gatherer lifestyle which supplemented some agriculture with the hunting of Bison. Which region of the U.S. are we talking about, did the Native Americans live in?
Great Plains
Due to the wealth extracted from the New World many European countries began to develop this type of economic system
What is Capitalism?
Spain passed these laws in 1542 in an effort to reduce the exploitation of Native Americans.
New Laws of 1542
This person Argued that the encomienda system was justified
Juan Gines Sepulveda
Explain the positive impact of exploration and conquest on the New World.
Introduction of new technologies and resources...
Horses, weapons, livestock, etc.
As the encomienda system declined, this Spanish colonial system developed around large landed estates where Indigenous and mixed-race laborers often worked for landowners.
hacienda system
This powerful Native confederacy in the Northeast united several nations and developed a sophisticated political system.
Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee)
Advancements that made transcontinental exploration and trade possible.
What are, Maritime Navigational tools
Lateen Sails
Astrolabe
Sextant
Compass
Treaty declared by pope that splits the world into Spanish and Portuguese zones of influence.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spanish missionaries attempted to suppress Pueblo religion by destroying sacred objects associated with these spiritual beings, contributing to resentment that culminated in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.
kachina dolls
Explain one of the Positive impacts of exploration and conquest of the New World on the Old World
Increase in population due to new food crops.
Increase in wealth from exploitation of New World
This Spanish colonial labor system required Native communities to provide a certain number of workers for limited periods, theoretically for wages, but frequently resulted in coercive labor, it was attempt to improve the conditions under the encomienda system
Repartimiento system