Anatomical Terminology
This plane divides the body into left and right halves
Sagittal Plane
The four types of tissue are
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous Tissue
This system of communication provides the energy source (airflow) for speech
Respiratory System
This is the outer layer of the brain, the site of conscious processing
Cerebral Cortex
This subfield of anatomy applies anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment
Applied (clinical) Anatomy
This directional term describes movement away from the midline
Abduction
This tissue type is specialized for communication within the body. It's made up of neurons and glial (support) cells, and its functions include transmitting signals, coordinating movement, and processing sensation. It's found in the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and peripheral nerves, and supports voluntary and involuntary actions. It is also critical for speech, hearing, swallowing, and cognition.
Nervous Tissue
This system of communication enables hearing, monitoring, and feedback of spoken language
Auditory System
This lobe is responsible for motor control and speech production (Broca’s area)
Frontal Lobe
The hierarchy of structure is (small to large)
Chemicals > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ Systems > Organism
This directional term describes movement toward the midline
Adduction
This tissue is the most abundant and diverse tissue type in the body. It provides support, structure, protection, and connection and contains a large amount of intercellular matrix. Can be solid (bone), liquid (blood), or gel-like (cartilage). It also includes subtypes: areolar, adipose, fibrous, cartilage, blood, and bone, and forms ligaments, tendons, fascia, and more.
Connective Tissue
This system of communication produces voiced sound via vocal fold vibration
Phonatory System
This lobe is responsible for visual processing
Occipital Lobe
This term describes nerve supply to a muscle or gland
Innervation
This directional term defines a body part as closer to the trunk or point of attachment
Proximal
This tissue covers surfaces of the body, organs, and cavities, forms skin, mucous membranes, and internal linings. Its cells are tightly packed with little intercellular material. Its functions are protection, secretion, absorption, and sensation.
Epithelial Tissue
This system of communication shapes speech sounds using the oral and nasal cavities
Acrticulatory System
This lobe is responsible for sensory integration
Parietal Lobe
These are fundamental units of the nervous system. Their structure includes a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. Their function is to transmit electrical signals across the body.
Neurons
The anatomical axis of the nervous system
Neuraxis
This tissue type is divided into striated, smooth, and cardiac. Striated muscle moves bones and speech structures; smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract and blood vessels, and cardiac muscle is only found inside the heart. The important parts of this tissue applicable to speech and hearing are found in the tongue, the soft palate, the laryngeal muscles, and the muscles of articulation and respiration.
Muscular Tissue
This system of communication initiates, coordinates, and regulates all speech-related functions
Nervous System
This lobe is responsible for auditory processing and language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
Temporal Lobe
The 6 key cranial nerves in communication can cause dysarthria, dysphagia, voice disorders, or resonance issues if damaged. These 6 are:
CN V (Trigeminal) – jaw movement, face sensation
CN VII (Facial) – facial expression, lips, taste
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) – pharynx, swallowing, taste
CN X (Vagus) – voice (larynx), pharynx, velum
CN XI (Accessory) – head and shoulder movement, supports speech
CN XII (Hypoglossal) – tongue movement