Random
BF Skinner (stimuli)
developed operant conditioning, found that behaviour is learned through consequences. Reinforcement increases behaviour, punishment decreases behaviour. Used the “Skinner Box” to study.
Primary social group
a small group with close, personal, lasting relationships (ex. Family, close friends, boyfriend, girlfriend)
Nature
the influence of genetics, biology, or inherited traits on human development and behavior.
Survey
a research method that gathers information by asking people questions through questionnaires or interviews.
Agricultural Era
-Animal drawn plows
a period when societies were based primarily on farming and permanent settlements.
Freud (Ego, ID, Super Ego)
proposed 3 parts of personality:
Ego-rational decision-maker, balances desire and reality, operates on realistic principles.
Anthropological linguistics
the study of language and how it relates to human culture, society, and human behaviour.
Nurture
the influence of environment, upbringing, education, and life experiences on human development and behavior.
Observation
a research method where information is watched or recorded in natural or controlled settings.
Horticultural Era
- Simple tools
a period when societies relied on small-scale gardening and cultivation using simple tools.
Pavlov
-developed the concept of classical conditioning
- demonstrating that behavior can be learned through association. (famous dog experiment: dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a bell)
Ethnology
the comparative study of different cultures to identify patterns, and understand varying cultural differences and similarities.
Subculture
a smaller cultural group within a larger society that has its own distinct values, norms, or behaviors.
Case Study
an in-depth examination of a single person, group, or event.
Industrial Era
-Machines
a period characterized by factories, machine production, urbanization, and mass manufacturing.
Margert Mead (nature side)
emphasized the importance of culture and environment in shaping behaviour, her work is associated more with the nurture side of nature vs. nurture debate.
Archeology
the study of past human societies through physical remains such as artifacts, tools, and structures.
Culture
shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, language, or objects that characterize the group in society.
Experiment
a research method that tests cause-effect relationships by manipulating variables in controlled settings.
Communication Based Era
- Information and tech
the modern period where information, technology, computers, and global communication drive society and the economy.
Zimbardo’s research
conducted Stanford prison experiment, demonstrated how social roles and situations can influence behaviour.
Darwin (variation)
developed the theory of evolution, by natural selection, variation among individuals helps populations adapt and survive, and supports the biological (nature) perspective of human behaviour.
Rites of passage
ceremonies or events that mark an individual's transition from one social status or stage of life to another (ex. Graduation, marriage)
Longitudinal case study
research that follows the same individual or group over a long period to observe changes and development.
Genie case study
Genie was a child who experienced extreme isolation and neglect. She was discovered in 1970 in California. Researchers studied her language development and ability to learn. This case showed the importance of social interaction for learning language. The case is also often used in discussions about Nature vs. Nurture. This case created controversy around whether the examiners and caretakers overrode the line of experimenting, and care.