ATP
What does NAD+ stand for?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
What is the equation for glycolysis
Glucose + 2 ATP + 2NAD+ ------- 2 Pyruvate, 4ATP, 2NADH
What is fermentation?
The process of renewing NAD+ molecules in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic)
What are the two parts to metabolism?
Define each
Anabolism- the building up of new molecules from smaller pieces
Catabolism- the break down of large molecules to retrieve energy and essential nutrients
Why is only a small amount of ADP required per cell?
ADP and ATP production runs in a cycle. Once ATP is used to release energy, ADP recycles (finds a new phosphate) to become ATP again.
What is the general term for NAD+/NADH
A high-energy electron carrier
True or false: High quantities of energy are released from glycolysis
False only 2 net ATP
What are the two types of fermentation? What is/are the differences
Alcoholic Fermentation -- ethanol (alcohol) and CO2 (microorganisms)
Lactic Acid Fermentation -- Lactic Acid (higher order organisms)
What's the formula for cellular respiration?
Glucose + O2 ---- 6CO2 + 6H20 and Energy (ATP)
True or false: ATP is the primary source of energy for almost all, if not all, living things.
True
What happens when O2 is not present? How is the problem fixed?
NAD+ becomes overloaded as NADH (the electron transport chain is shut down)
Fermentation recycles the NADH back to NAD+ to continue the breakdown of glucose via glycolysis
Explain why glycolysis is a pathway
after glycolysis if oxygen is present, krebs and etc continue atp production
if O2 is not present, fermentation will occur to recycle NADH-NAD+
What is the equation for alcoholic fermentation?
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH--- Ethanol, CO2 and 2NAD+
What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?
calorie is the amount of energy to heat up one ml of water one degree
Calorie is one Kilocalore or 1000 calories
Draw and label an ATP molecule (there are 6)
ATP, Adenine, Ribose, Adenosine, Triphosphate, Energy storage
What is the difference at the molecular level between NAD+ and NADH?
NADH has an extra hydrogen and an extra set of electrons.
NAD+ has three double bounds NADH has only two.
Explain why the introduction of NAD+ is crucial to the creation of pyruvate (C3H4O3)
What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation?
2 pyruvate + 2NADH ---- 2 Lactic Acid + 2NAD+
What provides living things with the chemical building blocks needed to grow and reproduce
Food!
Which process we have learned produces the highest amount of ATP.
Cellular Respiration (don't overthink it) we haven't talked about the C.A.C. or the E.T.C.
Where does NADH go when under anaerobic conditions? Why? What happens to the molecule after it makes it there?
E.T.C.
Releases high energy electrons
Recycled back to NAD+
What is one reason why glycolysis is important under anaerobic conditions?
This continues the energy supply to the body--fermentation recycles NADH-NAD+ for further deterioration of glucose
What happens in our body's when we build up too much lactic acid?
What happens when bread is fermented? Why? What type of fermentation?
We get sore and tired; our muscles burn
The dough rises due to the CO2 produced from alcoholic fermentation
Where does glycolysis, the krebs cycle, the E.T.C. and fermentation take place?
glycolysis fermentation cytoplasm
krebs cycle, e.t.c. mitochondria