sympathetic vs parasympathetic
A slower heart rate paired with more active digestion reflects a shift toward this branch of the autonomic system.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
What do mechanoreceptors do?
respond to pressure and stretch
Sudden, severe hypertension
• Pounding headache
• Bradycardia (slowed heart rate)
• Flushing & sweating
• Pale, cool skin
• Nasal congestion, anxiety, or blurred vision
What is autonomic dysreflexia?
A pathway ascends on one side of the spinal cord and then switches sides at this specific brainstem location
What is the medulla?
What actions should you take when working with an individual and there blood pressure skyrockets? what about plummets?
When BP gets high (Hyper), person gets high,
when low (hypo), get low
Be cautious for signs of AD
Define what happens to the body that may cause Autonomic dysreflexia?
A MEDICAL EMERGENCY requiring immediate intervention: a stimulus below the level of injury triggers an excessive sympathetic response. descending inhibitory signals cannot pass the spinal cord lesion, severe vasoconstriction and hypertension develop below the injury
Explain why could I feel a fly on my fingers but not on my shoulder?
Receptor density and receptive field size together
What is the difference between Nociception and pain?
Nociception is the neural detection & processing of stimuli that threaten or damage tissue
Pain is an unpleasant sensory & emotional experience produced through brain processing
A left spinal cord hemisection at T10 interrupts different pathways on different sides
Left side below the lesion:
• Loss of light touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception
• The dorsal column information is still traveling on the same side because it does not cross until the medulla
Right, below lesion:
• Loss of nociception, temperature, and crude touch
• The spinothalamic information has already crossed within
the spinal cord and is ascending on the opposite side
I put on my shirt in the morning as feel the tag against my neck. After a little while I don't feel it as much or at all. What receptor is responsible for this?
What is the phasic receptor?
What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic do, respectively?
Sympathetic: maintains optimal blood supply and prepares the body to meet changing demands. Often activated broadly as a system
Parasympathetic: energy conservation, storage, digestion, and routine maintenance. More discrete effects on individual organs
What do Muscle spindles, Golgi Tendons, and Joint Receptors do respectively?
Muscle spindles: Detect muscle length
Golgi Tendons: Tension or force within a tendon
Joint Receptors: Respond to joint movement
What would POTS look like in children? How about adults?
Children: Heart rate increases by 40 beats/min or more
Adults: Heart rate increases by 30 beats/min or more
This pathway carries fast nociceptive information, temperature, and crude touch, and crosses early rather than in the medulla.
What is the spinothalamic pathway?
what are some examples of your first step for instructing theraputic exercise for an individual with POTS
What is rowing, swimming, or recumbent bicycling
What are the four aspects of Autonomic function?
1. Receptors
2. Afferent pathways
3. Central regulation
4. Efferent Pathways
What is the difference between Pronociception and Antinociception?
Pronociception - Amplifies
• Biologic amplification of nociceptive processing
• Increases the nervous system’s response to potentially painful input
Antinociception - Inhibits
• Suppression of nociceptive transmission
• Limits the amount of nociceptive information reaching higher brain regions
One of these conditions is marked by a dermatomal rash from viral reactivation; the other is the pain that can outlast it.
What are herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia?
Describe the DCML
In the spinal cord: Information ascends on the same side
In the medulla: The pathway crosses to the opposite side
After crossing: Information travels through the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex
A patient came into the ER with chest pain and left arm pain, later diagnosed with a cardiac attack. Why was he experiencing left arm pain?
what is referred pain
Autonomic and somatic motor pathways differ in these two ways: their level of conscious control, and the number of neurons used to reach the effector.
What is...
Autonomic regulation is usually nonconscious/involuntary while somatic motor activation is usually voluntary
Autonomic pathways typically use two neurons via a ganglion while somatic motor pathways use one neuron directly to skeletal muscle?
Where do the first-order, second-order, and third-order somatosensory neurons each begin their path, respectively?
The dorsal root ganglion, the spinal cord or brainstem, and the thalamus.
What eyes close...
cerebellar ataxia: Ataxia remains present
Sensory ataxia: Ataxia worsens
Cutting one side of the spinal cord produces a split pattern of loss, one type of sensation affected on the same side, another type on the opposite side.
Somatosensory information can travel toward three different destinations depending on the pathway. Name all three destinations and which one is never consciously perceived.
What are the cerebral cortex (conscious pathway), multiple brain regions (divergent pathway), and the cerebellum (nonconscious pathway) — with the cerebellum-bound pathway never reaching conscious awareness