Endocrine
Most common cause of hypothyroidism in developed countries, associated with anti–thyroid peroxidase antibodies
What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis? (accept auto-immune)
Statistical term describing the likelihood that any observed difference between two variables is due to chance
What is p-value?
This stimulant laxative is derived from a plant in the legume family
What is senna?
FEV1/FVC ratio below this value is indicative of obstructive lung disease such as COPD
What is 0.70?
What are lupus anticoagulant, anti-cardiolipin, and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein antibodies?
Thionamide medication to treat hyperthyroidism in pregnancy (first trimester)
What is propylthiouracil (PTU)?
An error that rejects a true null hypothesis (finding a difference when one does not really exist)
What is type I error?
This laxative has a molecular weight of 3350 g/mol
What is polyethylene glycol?
Disruption of this structure can cause a true chylothorax
What is the thoracic duct?
Heparin products are typically derived from mucosal tissue from these animals
What are pigs?
This thyroid malignancy is famous for showing optically clear, empty-appearing nuclei ("Orphan Annie eyes")
What is papillary thyroid cancer?
Experimental event rate divided by the control event rate
What is relative risk?
Total number of ions transported by the transporter that is inhibited by loop diuretics (such as furosemide)
What is 4? (1 Na, 1 K, 2 Cl)
Term for the pressure required to deliver a tidal volume, calculated by (Plateau pressure - PEEP)
What is driving pressure?
The eponymous name of free monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in urine?
What is Bence Jones protein?
This procedure is used to find the exact source of excess ACTH hormone in patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome
What is inferior petrosal sinus sampling?
Number needed to treat for a drug that reduces absolute risk by 2% vs placebo
What is 50?
Used commonly in IBS-C, this medications acts as a selective guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist on the surface of intestinal cells
What is linaclotide? (Linzess)
What is metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis?
This World War I chemical warfare agent inspired the development of the first modern alkylating chemotherapy
What is mustard gas?
Electrolyte derangement that causes resistance to PTH resulting in hypocalcemia that does not respond to calcium replacement or calcitriol
What is hypomagnesemia?
The phenomenon where people change or improve their behavior simply because they know they are being observed
What is Hawthorne effect?
Used up until the 1950s, diuretics such as calomel fell out of favor due to containing this heavy metal
What is mercury?
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is caused by surfactant build up inside the alveoli and is associated with auto-antibodies to this target
What is GM-CSF?
This is the numerical sum of the factors blocked by warfarin
What is 28? (2+7+9+10=28)