framed
the definition of frame/framing
A frame is one individual image, while framing is the choice of what appears inside that image.
How montage evolved:
Early cinema: Filmmakers began experimenting with editing separate shots together to tell stories and create meaning.
1920s Soviet cinema: Filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein developed montage theory, showing how combining shots could create new ideas and emotions that were not present in the individual shots alone
on rare occurrences, to preserve onscreen spatial continuity, the action being recorded must be inverted for the camera, especially regarding onscreen movement, as exemplified by Jaws (dir. Steven Spielberg; USA; 1975)
The police man and swimmer don't actually make contact. Even though two people are looking at each other in physical reality, the recording and assemblage of shots depicting this action can make it appear otherwise.
the definition of graphic relations in montag
When 2 or more shots share graphic qualities such as shapes, colours, overall composition, etc. EX. Psycho
the definition of the Point of View (P.O.V) Shot technique, and how it is unique to the medium
A technique that shows what a character is looking at from their perspective, making the audience see the scene through the character’s eyes. Film can use the camera to place the audience directly into a character’s visual perspective, creating a sense of immersion and allowing viewers to experience events as if they were the character. EX. Halloween
the 3 means framing can affect composition
Size and distance — Determines how much of the subject is visible, such as a close-up or a long shot.
Angle and perspective — Determines the viewpoint from which the audience sees the subject, such as a high-angle or low-angle shot.
Placement within the frame — Determines where people and objects appear in the image, directing the audience’s attention and creating balance or emphasis.
the definition of spatial relations in montage
how editing connects two or more shots to create a sense of space or a relationship between different locations.
how an action is recorded and assembled can invert, and even confuse onscreen spatial relations, as exemplified by She's Gotta Have It! (dir. Spike Lee; USA; 1986)
The two characters, share an awkward eye-line as both are looking screen-left, or more precisely, the eye-line is not clearly right- left + left -right.
the definition of rhythmic relations in the montage, of which there are three variations
Rhythmic relations are about how the timing and duration of shots affect the pace and feeling of a film.
1. When 2 or more shots are of the same duration (e.g., 3 shots of 72 frames).
2. When the movement(s) depicted within 2 or more shots is similar with regard to speed and/ or direction.
3. When the camera/frame movement of 2 or more shots is similar with regard to speed and/ or direction.
EX. A clockwork orange
the definition of metaphoric montage
Metaphoric montage is the result of cutting, especially cross-cutting, two or more shots/ scenes, the result of which provokes the viewer to attribute a metaphoric relation. Therefore, this technique provokes the viewerto intellectually relate each shot/scene with the other(s). Ex. coffee pouring and being on toilet
the 6 areas of offscreen space
1. Left of the frame — The space just outside the left edge of the image.
2. Right of the frame — The space just outside the right edge of the image.
3. Above the frame — The space above what the camera captures.
4. Below the frame — The space below what the camera captures.
5. Behind the set — The space beyond the background, behind the visible setting.
6. Behind the camera — The space where the camera and potentially the film crew are located, outside the image.
the definition of an overt false reality regarding spatial relations
two or more shots appear to be connected in the same space, even though they were filmed in different locations or do not actually relate to each other.
the definition of temporal relations in montage
When an ellipsis is inferred between 2 or more shots. An ellipsis means that some time has been left out. EX. Amelie
the definition of cross-cutting in montage, and its most common variation (i.e., shot counter shot
Cross-cutting is a picture editing technique where in two or more shots/scenes are interwoven in a back-and-forth pattern.The most common form of cross-cutting is the shot-counter-shot, and, to a lesser extent, the the POV shot, both of which occur within a scene (not a sequence). EX. Goodfellas & The Birds
The definition of the insert in montage
An insert is a seemingly random shot of minimal duration measured in frames-per-second that is inserted into a series of shots of substantially longer duration. Consequently, an insert may register as an error of traditional continuity editing. EX. The Big Lebowski
the definition of the shot, the scene, and the sequence
Shot: A continuous piece of film recorded by the camera without a cut or interruption.
Scene: A series of shots that take place in the same location and time, forming one dramatic event.
Sequence: A series of scenes or shots that work together to form a larger part of the story, often covering a complete event that may take place across different locations or times.
the definition of a “spatial” jump cut
spatial jump-cut is the axial cut.
the definition of temporal jump cut
In a temporal jump cut, the graphic quality of either the foreground or background in the composition changes, but not both simultaneously.
The fundamental graphic qualities shared in each shot of a temporal jump cut are not similar (as in a graphic polyptych), they are identical. EX. A trip to the moon
how cross-cutting is most used (i.e., two or more locations at the same time):
Cross-cutting within a scene is commonly used to prolong an action to create suspense.
the definition of the cut-up in montage:
A cut-up sequence is a cross-cut assemblage of independent (i.e., unrelated or non-relatable) scenes/events wherein each segment depicts only part of an event with the identical character(s). EX. Don't look now
the definition of montage
ontage is an editing technique where individual shots are put together to create meaning, convey information, show the passage of time, or create an emotional response.
the definition of an axial cut
Essentially, an axial cut is achieved when a shot moves closer to, or further away from, the subject from the identical perspective of the previous shot. EX. Carrie
the unique evolution of the jump cut and why it continues to remain associated with concepts of realism
Initially, the jump cut was only used in newsreels. When used, it was not a technique per se, but was instead used out of necessity, as there was no other material to “better” join two shots. Jump cuts are associated with realism because they create a sense of natural, imperfect, and sometimes abrupt movement through time. EX. Husbands and Wives
how else a cross-cutting sequence may be used:
one location at different times.
two or more locations at different times.
the definition of the montage sequence
A montage sequence is an assemblage of scenes or sequences depicting, usually in chronological order, an event (or a series of related or relatable events), whose actual duration is substantially longer than what is actually depicted (i.e., hours, days, weeks, months, and/or years may be rendered in seconds or minutes). EX. Rocky III