Gunpowder Empires
What were the elite Ottoman infantry soldiers called?
Janissaries
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The movement of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
What technology helped empires like the Mughals and Ottomans expand?
Gunpowder
What religion were Europeans spreading throughout their empires?
Christianity
What is a bureaucracy?
A system of government officials who help administer a state
Which empire conquered Constantinople in 1453?
Ottoman Empire
Name two crops introduced from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia.
Potatoes, maize, tomatoes, cacao, or chili peppers
What were the three G's that motivated European expansion?
God, Gold and Glory
Religiously, whats the difernce between Mughals, Ottomans and Safavids?
Shia for Safavids
Sunni for Mughals and Ottomans
What is cultural diffusion?
The spread of ideas, beliefs, and customs between societies
What was the ottoman system of organizing communities into religious groups?
Millet System
Why did Indigenous American populations decline dramatically after European contact?
The introduction of diseases such as smallpox and measles
Name one navigation technology that helped sailors travel across oceans.
Compass, astrolabe, or improved maps
Caravels and carracks
How did the printing press contribute to the Protestant Reformation?
It spread religious writings and ideas to larger audiences
What was one major difference between Portuguese and Spanish expansion overseas? (Especially in Asia)
Portugal initially focused on fortified trading posts, while Spain established large territorial colonies in the Americas
Name two methods both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires used to strengthen their governments.
Centralized authority, bureaucracies, taxation systems, or powerful militaries
What was one major effect of American crops on populations in Afro-Eurasia?
Improved food supplies supported population growth
Besides superior weapons, identify two factors that helped the Spanish conquer Indigenous American empires.
Indigenous alliances, European diseases, or political divisions among Indigenous societies
Who began the Protestant Reformation in 1517?
Martin Luther
How did the Ottoman millet system help govern a religiously diverse empire?
It allowed certain religious communities to manage some of their own affairs
Which Mughal emperor promoted religious tolerance and removed the jizya tax?
Akbar
How did the expansion of sugar plantations in the Americas affect African societies?
It increased demand for enslaved labor, contributing to forced migration and disruption of African communities
What were two ways any empire in this period managed the people it conquered?
Millet System, Mansabdari system, Spanish Caste system, etc...
Name three ways religions spread during the Early Modern Period.
Trade, missionaries, conquest, colonization, printing, or government support
Explain how trade networks could contribute to both economic and cultural changes between 1450 and 1750.
Trade moved goods and wealth while also spreading religious beliefs, technologies, and cultural practices