Cell City (cell theory, cell types & organelles)
A cell contains DNA, ribosomes, a plasma membrane, and cytoplasm but lacks membrane-bound organelles. Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
What is prokarotic?
Which would cross the lipid bilayer most easily without a transport protein: O₂, glucose, Na⁺, or a protein?
What is O₂ (oxygen)?
Name the enzyme responsible for Step 1 of glycolysis.
What is Hexokinase?
During a redox reaction, a molecule gains electrons. Has it been oxidized or reduced?
What is reduced?
Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor during aerobic cellular respiration?
What is O2?
A newly discovered cell contains mitochondria, ribosomes, a nucleus, and a cell wall, but no chloroplasts. Is this cell more consistent with an animal cell, plant cell, or neither?
What is neither?
This could represent another type of eukayotic cell, such as fungal cell.
A cell contains 5% nonpenetrating solute and is placed into a solution containing 1% nonpenetrating solute. In which direction will water move overall?
What is into the cell?
Which molecule is phosphorylated by phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)?
What is Fructose-6-phosphate?
A molecule donates electrons to another molecule. Is the electron donor the oxidizing agent or reducing agent?
What is reducing agent?
Which ETC complex accepts electrons from FADH₂ but does NOT pump H⁺?
What is Complex II?
A researcher observes that every new cell in a growing colony appears only after another cell divides. Which principle of cell theory does this observation support?
What is cells arise from pre-existing cells.
A transporter moves Na⁺ down its concentration gradient while simultaneously moving another molecule against its concentration gradient. What type of transport is being used to move the second molecule?
What is secondary active transport?
At Step 6, which electron carrier is reduced?
What is NAD+?
Molecule X transfers electrons to NAD⁺.
X → oxidized product
NAD⁺ → NADH
Identify the oxidizing agent.
What is NAD+?
Where is H⁺ concentration higher during oxidative phosphorylation: the mitochondrial matrix or intermembrane space?
What is intermembrane space?
A white blood cell engulfs and digests microorganisms. Which organelle would you expect to be particularly important for breaking down the engulfed material?
What is a lysosome?
A membrane protein moves two different substances across a membrane in the same direction. What type of transporter is it?
What is a symporter?
Name the enzyme responsible for Step 6.
What is Glyceraldehyde-3-phospahte dehydrogenase?
A cell cannot perform pyruvate oxidation. Which molecule that normally connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle will decrease?
What is acetyl-CoA?
A chemical allows electrons to move normally through the ETC but makes the inner mitochondrial membrane freely permeable to H⁺. Predict what happens to ATP production.
What is ATP production decreases because the H⁺ gradient dissipates, reducing the proton-motive force available to drive ATP synthase.
A cell specializes in producing large quantities of proteins that will be exported from the cell. Name TWO organelles you would expect to be especially abundant.
What is Rough ER and Golgi apparatus?
A cell uses an ATP-powered pump to maintain a low Na⁺ concentration inside the cell. The pump suddenly stops working. Predict what happens to the Na⁺ concentration gradient over time.
What is the gradient decreases/dissipates as Na⁺ accumulates inside the cell?
dentify the three regulatory steps among Steps 1, 3, 6, and 10 AND name the enzyme at each.
What is:
Step 1 — Hexokinase
Step 3 — Phosphofructokinase-1/PFK-1
Step 10 — Pyruvate kinase
What is the difference between fermenetaion and anaerobic respiration?
What is anaerobic respirtaion still uses an ETC, chemiosmosis and a final electron acceptor, while fermentation relies soley on gylcoysis?
Electron flow through the ETC suddenly stops. Put these events in the expected cause-and-effect order:
ATP production decreases
H⁺ pumping decreases
Electron transfer stops
H⁺ gradient decreases
What is lectron transfer stops → H⁺ pumping decreases → H⁺ gradient decreases → ATP production decreases.