Membrane Trasport
What type of transport moves substances across the membrane without using cellular energy (ATP)?
Passive Transport
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, does water move into or out of the cell?
Out
Primary active transport gets its energy directly from what molecule?
ATP
What type of energy is stored in chemical bonds and concentration gradients?
Potential Energy
What term describes the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell?
Metabolism
What are the two types of facilitated diffusion discussed in lecture?
Channel-mediated and carrier-mediated
A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?
It will swell and may burst.
A transport protein moves one solute in one direction. What type of carrier is it?
Uniporter
Which type of reaction releases energy: exergonic or endergonic?
Exergonic
What type of reaction consumes energy and is associated with forming bonds?
Endergonic Reaction
A membrane protein allows a specific ion to move through the membrane based on its size and charge. What type of transport is this?
Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
A cell contains 1% Na⁺ and is placed in a solution containing 2% Na⁺. Is the outside solution hypertonic or hypotonic relative to the cell?
Hypertonic
What is the difference between a symporter and an antiporter?
A symporter moves two solutes in the same direction; an antiporter moves two solutes in opposite directions.
Which molecule is the cell's readily available energy source and contains three phosphate groups?
ATP
An enzyme is working normally, but temperature rises far above its optimal temperature. The reaction rate then decreases. What happened to the enzyme?
The enzyme denatures
A protein binds to a specific solute, changes shape, and then releases the solute on the other side of the membrane. What type of transport protein is being described?
Carrier Protein
The concentration of O₂ is initially higher outside a cell than inside. O₂ can cross the membrane freely. What causes the movement of O₂ into the cell?
The concentration gradient
For every ATP used by the sodium-potassium pump, how many Na⁺ ions leave the cell and how many K⁺ ions enter?
3 Na⁺ leave and 2 K⁺ enter.
ATP contains three phosphate groups. According to the slides, where is most of the energy stored?
Between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups
What do enzymes decrease in order for the rate of chemical reaction to increase?
Activation energy
A cell membrane contains no transport proteins. Which type of molecule could still cross the membrane on its own according to the slides?
A small, nonpolar molecule
O₂ concentrations eventually become equal on both sides of a membrane. Are the O₂ molecules still moving across the membrane?
Yes. Molecules continue moving in both directions, but there is no longer a specific movement in one direction because the concentrations are equal.
A cell uses a Na⁺/K⁺ pump to establish a Na⁺ concentration gradient. A second protein then allows Na⁺ to move down its gradient while simultaneously moving glucose from low to high concentration. What type of transport is this?
Secondary Active Transport
What process breaks the bond between ATP's phosphate groups and releases energy that can be used for cellular work?
ATP Hydrolysis
A cell breaks down glucose and releases energy. Which type of reaction is this, and what happens to the disorder (entropy) of the system?
Exergonic; disorder/entropy increases.