Eukaryotes & Protists
This theory explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts have features such as circular DNA, ribosomes, and binary fission.
What is endosymbiosis?
These rootlike structures anchor mosses but are not true roots because they lack xylem.
What are rhizoids?
This nutritive tissue provides a young corn embryo with stored food during early germination, even in total darkness.
What is the endosperm?
This gas produced by yeast during fermentation makes bread dough rise.
What is carbon dioxide?
A birdhouse nailed 6 feet above the ground remains at about that height as the tree grows taller because vertical growth occurs mainly in these regions near shoot tips.
What are apical meristems?
A sample of life from 3 billion years ago would lack these organisms, which evolved later than prokaryotes.
What are eukaryotes?
This protist can cause severe stomach cramps and diarrhea after a person drinks or swims in contaminated water.
What is Giardia?
These lignified water-conducting cells gave early land plants structural support and helped them grow taller.
What are tracheids?
Although it is often treated as a vegetable, this crop is botanically a fruit because it develops from a flower and contains seeds.
What is corn?
This polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls could indicate fungal contamination in a drug preparation.
What is chitin?
This water-conducting tissue lies on the inside of the vascular cambium in a woody stem.
What is xylem?
To compare evolutionary relationships among algae, this DNA source is usually preferable because chloroplast DNA may reflect endosymbiosis rather than the host lineage.
What is nuclear DNA?
This major protist group includes paramecia, dinoflagellates, and the parasites that cause malaria.
What are the alveolates?
This trait helps distinguish land plants from charophyte algae: a developing multicellular structure remains attached to the parent gametophyte.
What is retention of a multicellular embryo?
A fruit-bearing flower on a dioecious plant must contain this female reproductive structure.
What is a gynoecium?
If fungi in forest soil were harmed, plants would have more difficulty absorbing water and minerals because they would lose this root-fungus partnership.
What are mycorrhizae?
This tissue carries sugar-rich fluid through long cells connected by small pores.
What is phloem?
In certain protists, this structure remains intact during mitosis, showing that eukaryotic cell division can vary.
What is the nuclear envelope?
In ciliates, this process exchanges micronuclei between cells and is followed by replacement of the macronucleus.
What is conjugation?
This diploid generation is the large, visible plant in a tree fern.
What is the sporophyte?
A monkey that eats a banana and later deposits its seeds away from the parent plant is functioning in this role.
What is a disperser?
In a lichen, this partner provides minerals, water, and protection to the photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium.
What is the fungus?
These flexible support cells have unevenly thickened walls and help young stems bend without breaking.
What is collenchyma?
These collar-bearing protists are the closest living relatives of animals such as sponges.
What are choanoflagellates?
African sleeping sickness is difficult to control because Trypanosoma parasites repeatedly change these surface molecules, helping them evade antibodies.
What are glycoprotein-coat antigens?
This monophyletic group of seedless vascular plants includes ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails.
What are the monilophytes?
In a maple fruit, this outer fruit-wall tissue forms the wing that allows the fruit to spin through the air.
What is the pericarp?
After a rainy day, mushrooms may suddenly appear because this underground network was already present and quickly formed fruiting bodies aboveground.
What is a mycelium?
These roots extend from branches of red mangroves, helping support the tree in soft, wet soil.
What are prop roots?
A photosynthetic reef-dwelling protist with phycoerythrin and phycocyanin, but no flagella or centrioles, belongs to this group.
What are rhodophytes?