DIGESTIVE ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY
The four basic tunic layers that line the lumen of the alimentary canal and are common to all digestive organs.
What are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa?
The major means of food propulsion through the alimentary canal involving alternating waves of contraction and relaxation.
What is peristalsis?
The anaerobic 10-step pathway occurring in the cytosol where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
What is glycolysis?
These organic compounds are crucial for helping the body use nutrients and often function as coenzymes.
What are vitamins?
The metabolic state occurring for approximately four hours after eating during which anabolism exceeds catabolism.
What is the absorptive or fed state?
A double layer of peritoneum that extends from the body wall to digestive organs, providing routes for blood vessels and holding organs in place.
What is the mesentery?
The intrinsic nerve supply of the gastrointestinal tract wall, often called the "gut brain," which regulates motility and gland activity.
What is the enteric nervous system?
The high-energy molecule that serves as the primary goal of cellular respiration, capturing chemical energy liberated from food fuels.
What is ATP?
The catabolic process where water is added to chemical bonds to break macromolecules into absorbable monomers.
What is enzymatic hydrolysis?
The primary hypoglycemic hormone of the absorptive state that facilitates the diffusion of glucose into muscle and adipose cells.
What is insulin?
These hexagonal structural and functional units of the liver are composed of plates of hepatocytes that process nutrient-rich blood.
What are liver lobules?
The reflex initiated by chyme entry into the small intestine that inhibits gastric secretion and prevents duodenal overfilling.
What is the enterogastric reflex?
This mitochondrial process couples the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane with the phosphorylation of ADP via ATP synthase.
What is oxidative phosphorylation or chemiosmosis?
This specific transport lipoprotein carries excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for breakdown and secretion into bile.
What is HDL or High-Density Lipoprotein?
The hypothalamic area acting as the main integrating center for thermoregulation by receiving input from peripheral and central thermoreceptors.
What is the preoptic region?
A histological distinction of the esophagus, which possesses this specific dense connective tissue layer instead of a visceral peritoneum.
What is the adventitia?
The three regulated phases of gastric secretion, categorized by the location of the mechanical or chemical stimulus.
What are the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases?
Complete oxidation of one glucose molecule yields this net total of ATP, combining substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation.
What is 30 to 32 ATP?
The breakdown of triglycerides in the small intestine requires pre-treatment with these cholesterol derivatives to ensure fat emulsification.
What are bile salts?
The postabsorptive metabolic strategy that conserves fuel for the brain by forcing other body cells to switch to fatty acids for energy.
What is glucose sparing?
The extra third layer of the muscularis externa in the stomach that allows the organ to churn and pummel paste-like chyme.
What is the inner oblique layer?
The physiological occurrence where bicarbonate is exported to the blood during hydrochloric acid formation, raising the pH of blood leaving the stomach.
What is the alkaline tide?
The liver process where accumulated acetyl CoA is converted into acidic molecules during periods of starvation or diabetes mellitus.
What is ketogenesis?
The metabolic principle stating that all amino acids must be present for protein synthesis to occur, or they will be burned for energy instead.
What is the all-or-none rule?
The mechanism of heat exchange involving the loss of heat by infrared rays, accounting for approximately 60% of energy output at rest.
What is radiation?