Urinary System Physiology 1
When the bladder is full and stretched, the epithelial cells lining the bladder assume this shape.
What is squamous?
This mechanism, in which fluid flows in opposite directions through parallel tubes, assists the kidneys in concentrating urine.
What is the countercurrent mechanism?
These charged particles conduct electricity when dissolved in body fluids.
What are electrolytes?
This scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is based on its hydrogen ion concentration.
What is pH?
These substances release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
What are acids?
This reflex is triggered by stretching of the bladder wall, signaling the need to urinate.
What is the micturition reflex?
The kidney's ability to concentrate urine relies primarily on this mechanism.
What is the medullary concentration gradient?
This is the largest of the two primary fluid compartments in the body.
What is the intracellular fluid compartment (or ICF)?
These substances accept hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.
What are bases?
These chemical solutions resist changes in pH by accepting or donating hydrogen ions when acids or bases are added.
What are buffers?
This hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct.
What is aldosterone?
This vasoconstrictor raises blood pressure, boosting the pressure entering the glomerulus, and stimulates the release of aldosterone.
What is angiotensin II?
Located primarily in the hypothalamus, these receptors detect changes in the solute concentration of extracellular body fluids.
What are osmoreceptors?
This slower mechanism provides permanent pH regulation by excreting or reabsorbing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate.
What is the renal acid-base regulation mechanism?
This temporary mechanism regulates blood pH by controlling carbon dioxide levels through adjustments in breathing rate.
What is the respiratory acid-base regulation mechanism?
This hormone is activated when blood pressure or blood volume becomes too high, promoting the excretion of sodium and water.
What is atrial natriuretic hormone?
Excluding blood cells, plasma contains a much greater concentration of these molecules than glomerular filtrate.
What are proteins?
This condition occurs when blood sodium levels rise above normal, often causing thirst, confusion, and potentially seizures.
What is hypernatremia?
This quick, temporary chemical buffer system is particularly important for regulating pH inside the cell.
What is the phosphate buffer system?
This quick, temporary chemical buffer dissociates into H+ and HCO3- and plays a crucial role in regulating extracellular fluid pH.
What is the bicarbonate buffer system (or carbonic acid-bicarbonate system)?
This enzyme, found primarily in the lungs, converts angiotensin I into the active form angiotensin II.
What is angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)?
This hormone is released when blood solute concentration increases or when blood pressure drops.
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
This condition occurs when blood potassium levels drop below normal, potentially causing muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias.
What is hypokalemia?
This acid-base balance condition depresses the central nervous system, potentially resulting in loss of consciousness or coma.
What is acidosis?
This acid-base balance condition overexcites the central nervous system, potentially resulting in convulsions or seizures.
What is alkalosis?