nucleiotides
what are the 3 components of a nucleotide
A sugar, Nitrogenous Base, and Phosphate group
what molecule is made during transcription
RNA/mRNA
What molecule does translation produce?
A polypeptide/protein
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
What is the function of tRNA?
It delivers amino acids to the ribosome
which bases are purines and which are pyrimidines?
Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil
What enzyme is responsible for Transcription?
RNA Polymerase
What is a codon?
A sequence of 3 bases on mRNA
What bond joins amino acids together?
Peptide Bond
What is the difference between the coding and template strands?
The coding strand matches the mRNA sequence except DNA has T instead of U; the template is complementary
Explain Chargoff's rule
#A's = #T's
#G's = #C's
#Purines = #Pyrimidines
What are the 3 stages of Transcription and what occurs during them?
Initiation, elongation, termination
What are the 3 stages of translation? What occurs during them?
Initiation, elongation, termination
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Include what stabilizes them.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Explain the flow from DNA to a functional protein
DNA is transcribed into mRNA, mRNA is translated into a polypeptide, and the polypeptide folds into a functional protein
If a strand of DNA has 15% cytosine what are the percentages of Adenine, Guanine, and Thymine?
Guanine: 15%
Adenine: 35%
Thymine: 35%
What is the purpose of the promoter?
It signals where transcription begins
What are the A, P, and E sites of a ribosome used for?
Holding incoming, growing-chain, and exiting tRNAs
Explain the Central Dogma
DNA --->RNA---->Proteins
Which amino acid missing causes Sickled Red blood cells in people?
Glutamine
A DNA strand is 5'-TACGGA-3' what is the complementary strand?
3'-ATGCCT-5'
What are the 3 major modifications of eukaryotic mRNA?
5′ cap, splicing, and poly-A tail
What happens when a stop codon enters the ribosome?
A release factor causes the polypeptide to be released and the ribosome to disassemble
how do you denature a protein? is it still functional?
What are the 5 rules of Genetic code? list them and explain each.
1. Unambiguous
2. Redundant or degenerate
3. Conservative
4. Non-overlapping
5. (nearly) universal