energy & enzymes
What is the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy?
Kinetic energy is energy of movement, while potential energy is stored energy.
What are the main reactants needed for aerobic cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen.
What are the main reactants needed for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy.
Where do the light reactions and Calvin cycle occur inside a chloroplast?
Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane; the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.
6 rounds
The first law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed.
During glycolysis, what happens to one glucose molecule, and where does it occur?
One six-carbon glucose is broken down into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules in the cytosol.
what are autotrophs; Photoautotrophs; and Heterotrophs
Autotrophs make their own organic compounds from inorganic sources
photoautotrophs use light energy to make organic compounds
heterotrophs obtain organic carbon from other organisms or sources.
What three energy-related products or outputs are associated with the light reactions?
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (O₂).
What happens during the induced-fit model when a substrate binds to an enzyme?
The enzyme changes shape slightly to fit the substrate and help the reaction occur.
How do exergonic and endergonic reactions differ in their energy changes?
Exergonic reactions release energy, while endergonic reactions absorb energy.
During breakdown of pyruvate, what three main products are made from two pyruvate molecules?
Two acetyl-CoA, two CO₂, and two NADH
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected through their reactants and products?
Photosynthesis uses CO₂ and water to make sugar and oxygen; respiration uses sugar and oxygen and releases CO₂ and water.
What is carbon fixation, and which enzyme carries it out in the Calvin cycle?
Carbon fixation incorporates CO₂ into an organic molecule (G3P); the enzyme is Rubisco.
If an enzyme in the middle of a metabolic pathway stops working, what could happen to the pathway?
The pathway may stop progressing past that step, reducing production of the final product.
What is the name of the region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place?
The active site.
How many times does the citric acid cycle run for each glucose molecule? and what is our products?
Twice
Products - 6 NADH; 2FADH2; 4CO2; 2ATP
Why do plants contain accessory pigments such as carotenoids in addition to chlorophyll?
Accessory pigments absorb additional wavelengths of light that chlorophyll does not absorb as effectively.
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle, and what is the cycle's direct sugar product?
Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration; the direct sugar product is G3P, which can be used to build glucose.
How does fermentation help muscle cells when oxygen is limited?
It regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue producing a small amount of ATP.
What happens during the induced-fit model when a substrate binds to an enzyme?
The enzyme changes shape slightly to fit the substrate and help the reaction occur.
What happens to the electrons carried by NADH and FADH₂ when they enter the electron transport chain?
They pass through electron carriers, releasing energy used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
In photosynthesis, what is oxidized and what is reduced in the overall process?
Water is oxidized to oxygen, while carbon dioxide is reduced to form carbohydrate.
What is the path of an electron during Light reactions in plants.
H20 --> PS2 --> ETC --> PS1 --> NADP+ reductase
How does feedback inhibition prevent a cell from wasting energy during a metabolic pathway?
When enough of the final product is made, it inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway, slowing or stopping the process and preventing unnecessary product production.