Phylogeny
What is the correct order of the taxonomic hierarchy? (Hint: think 'King Phillip')
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species
(Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti)
What are the four main species concepts?
Biological, Ecological, Morphological and Phylogenetic
In a population of 1,000 beetles, red shell color is dominant over black shell color. You observe 160 beetles with black shells. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
What is the frequency of the dominant allele?
p = 0.60 or 60%
This ultimate origin source creates brand new genetic variation in a population.
What is a mutation?
What is the difference between Homology and Analogy?
Homology - phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry (ex: hand bones on all mammals)
Analogy - Similarities due to convergent evolution rather than common descent (ex: Australian mole vs African golden mole)
When given a phylogenetic tree, the branch that includes all of the same species is called a ____.
(ex: the branch that contains all canines)
The morphological species concept classifies organisms based on observable phenotypic traits. Based on this information, is this the most accurate way of species identification?
No - it's too subjective (organisms that may look like one another may actually be different species)
In a population of 1,000 beetles, red shell color is dominant over black shell color. You observe 160 beetles with black shells. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
How many beetles in the population are expected to be heterozygous?
480 beetles
The wide range of visible coat patterns, colors, and ear shapes seen across different dog breeds is a direct result of this human-directed process acting on natural genetic variation.
What is artificial selection (or selective breeding)?
Humans molars, dog canines, and elephant tusks are all examples of homology or analogy?
Based on the image shown (sorry, couldn't upload it here lol), which point best represents the basal taxon?
The one where Sample B derives.
There is a species of Cichild fish in Africa that feeds on algae in shallow water. Another species, similar in appearance, feeds on insects at mid-depth. What species concept is this an example of ?
Ecological - though they are both Cichild fish, the difference lies in their ecological role/niche
In a hypothetical island population of 500 sheep, wool texture is governed by a single gene. Straight wool is dominant to curly wool. You count 320 sheep with straight wool and 180 sheep with curly wool.
What proportion of sheep are straight wool carriers?
0.64 or 64%
This term describes the existence of two or more distinctly different physical forms—such as the light and dark forms of the peppered moth—within the same interbreeding population.
What is polymorphism (or phenotypic polymorphism)?
A group of paleontologists unearthed bones from an extinct species. They found that the skull of the extinct animal resembles that of dog. DNA testing concluded that this species shares a common ancestor of a cat. Is this an example of analogy or homology?
Analogy!
Look at the image above (pretend you're looking at it rn).
What would a paraphyletic group look like?
1, 2, and 3!
The phylogenetic species concept defines a species as set of organisms representing a specific evolutionary lineage. Reptiles (lizards, snakes, crocodiles and turtles) are traditionally classified as cold-blooded, scaly creatures. Does this make them phylogenetic species?
A population of rabbits live in a remote island away from any natural predators. Female rabbits choose their mates based on how high they can jump. One group of male rabbits can jump significantly higher than the other, so they often get more mates and produce more offspring. Which of the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions does this violate?
Random mating - females are choosing their mates based off of an attribute rather than randomly.
Is this correct about genetic variation?
It is created by the direct action of natural selection.
NO - natural selection does not create new genes.
Which of these is an example of homoplasy?
- the wings of birds, bats and insects
- the forearm bones of a whale compared to a dog
- eyes of cats, horses and bison
A taxonomist examines a phylogenetic tree containing mammals, reptiles, birds, and amphibians. He notices that birds, reptiles and mammals all share shelled eggs. Is this and example of shared derived character?
Yes! Shelled eggs is an evolutionary trait that allows vertebrate to lay eggs on land without having to return to water.
You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use?
Morphological!
Hardy-Weinberg is based off of 5 core assumptions. Based off of these assumptions, is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium possible in nature?
Nope!
What are the three mechanisms that contribute to sexual reproduction?
Crossing over, independent assortment, and fertilization.
Scientists were comparing the genetic sequence of two species on opposite sides of the world. They found that shared similar sequences that coded for an enlarged liver, despite not sharing a common ancestor. What is this an example of?
Molecular homoplasy!