Cell Cycle
This is the phase where cells spend most of their life
What is Interphase (or G1)
Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phase
G1 is longest phase of interphase and its when proteins and organelles are made
This is the purpose of mitosis
What is to divide the genetic material and the cell itself
These are the haploid cells that result from meiosis
What are gametes
Egg in females, sperm in males
Gametes are produced from diploid germ line cells
He studies pea plants and laid the foundation for our current understand of inheritance
Who is Gregor Mendel
This results from dosage compensation in females
What is inactivation of an X chromosome
Ensures females don't make more proteins than males
Inactivated X chromosome is a Barr body
This occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle
What is DNA synthesis
This is when DNA replication occurs
This is the end result of mitosis
What are 2 genetically identical daughter cells
This is the end result of meiosis
What are 4 genetically distinct daughter cells
If an individual is heterozygous than they have this
What are two different alleles for the same gene
Alleles are alternative copies of a gene
Having more than 2 copies of an allele in a population results in these phenotypic expressions
What are Incomplete dominance (hybrids are intermediate phenotype) and Codominance (hybrids display dominant and recessive phenotypes)
What is diploid
Indicative of sexual reproduction (a chromosome from each parent) (normally 46 in humans)
Haploid has one set of chromosomes (23 in humans)
This is the step that comes before metaphase
What is prophase
Prophase --> Metaphase --> Anaphase -->Telophase --> Cytokinesis
Homologues are separated during this stage of meiosis
What is Anaphase I
Sister chromatids separated in Anaphase II
The white petals disappeared in the F1 generation but reappeared in the F2 generation, which means it is this kind of trait
What is recessive
Dominant traits seen in the F1 generation
Heterozygotes have a dominant allele which masks the recessive allele
Carriers can be found in this type of pedigree
What is recessive
This type of gene can cause cancer if expressed
What are oncogenes
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and replication of cells
This happens during Anaphase
What is the splitting of sister chromatids and elongation of the cell
Bipolar attachment in anaphase of mitosis and meiosis II (sister chromatids pulled in opposite direction)
Monopolar attachment occurs in meiosis I (sister chromatids pulled in same direction)
What are meiosis and fertilization
Meiosis is cell division that produces gametes
Fertilization is the fusion of gametes and forms a zygote
This is the principle that explains the results in a dihybrid cross
What is the Principle of Independent Assortment
The segregation of an allele from one gene does not impact the segregation of an allele from another gene
Down syndrome is an example of this, due to chromosomes failing to separate
What is trisomy
Aneuploidy that results in 3 copies of chromosome 21
This is the function of the Anaphase Checkpoint
What is to ensure the kinetochore microtubules are attached to the kinetochore of sister chromatids or homologues
G1 checkpoint: checks that cell is large and healthy enough to divide
G2 checkpoint: DNA has been replicated with no mutations
Cleavage of cells due to pinching of actin filaments occurs in this type of cell
What are animal cells
In plants, cell plate expands from the middle outward
These two events occur in prophase I of meiosis and are the basis of genetic variety in organisms that reproduce sexually
What are synapsis and recombination/ crossing-over
Synapsis is the pairing up of homologues chromosomes
Recombination is when alleles are exchanges (chiasmata is the site on chromosome where recombination occurs)
If a testcross results in progeny that are all the same phenotype, this is the genotype of the unknown individual
What is homozygous dominant
If individual is heterozygous, the half the offspring would exhibit a dominant phenotype and the other would exhibit a recessive phenotype
Phenotype: physical traits of individual
Genotype: copies of allele an individual has
Polymorphisms that affect a single base in a gene are used as this type of molecular marker in gene mapping
What are Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP)
Short tandem repeat (STR): short repeats of two to four bases that can differ in repeat number between individuals