Photosynthesis
What type of energy is absorbed by pigments, and in what form does the energy arrive in?
Solar energy in photons
How many ATP are produced per one glucose molecule?
30-32
what are the bonds you would see in a DNA molecule
hydrogen bonds - in between nitrogenous bases
Covalent phosphodiester bonds- in between phosphate groups and oxygens on sugars
glycosidic bond - sugar to nitrogenous base
what is the immediate energy source that powers ATP synthase?
the concentration gradient of H+ across the membrane
what are the formulas for photosynthesis AND cellular respiration
light + 6CO2 + 12H20 - C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
P____ resides in Photosystem 2 While P_____ resides in Photosystem 1
680, 700
Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
what type of DNA strand would include Okazaki fragments?
Lagging
most CO2 from catabolism is released during _____
the citric acid cycle
Is euchromatin or heterochromatin more accessible?
euchromatin
What is the essential enzyme at the start of the Calvin cycle that drives carbon fixation
Rubisco
Energy investment:
ATP is being taken in, glucose is divided into G3P
Energy pay off:
4 ATP, 2NADH, 2 Pyruvate
if the DNA of an organism consists of 24% Adenosine and 26% guanine, how much of the total bases are thymine? How many are cytosine?
Thymine: 24%
Cytosine:26%
How is pyruvate transported into the mitochondrial matrix?
- Facilitated diffusion through the outer membrane
- Active transport through inner membrane
____ phase, ______ phase, and the _____ phase all make up interphase in the cell cycle
G1, S, G2
what are the advantages and disadvantage of the C4 pathway
Advantage: no photorespiration, minimal water loss
disadvantage: requires more energy
In alcohol fermentation, what is pyruvate converted to, and what is used to power this?
2 ethanol and 2 CO2.
NADH electrons are used
If replication is occurring but each DNA molecule consists of a normal strand paired with short segments of DNA, what enzyme is missing?
Ligase
in lactic acid fermentation _____ reduces _____ to create lactate, this results in no by product release of carbon dioxide
in lactic acid fermentation NADH reduces pyruvate to create lactate
if 4 glucose molecules enter cellular respiration, how many NADH molecules would be synthesized before oxidative phosphorylation?
40
Solar energy enters photosystem ____ in the form of _____, which are absorbed by _______, these send the energy to p680
pt 2 what else is occurring during this in order for electrons to be added?
Solar energy enters photosystem 2 in the form of photons, which are absorbed by chlorophyll, these send the energy to p680
H20 is splitting leading to electrons breaking off and eventually going to the primary electron acceptor
the _____ _____ _____ is a passage for electrons between proteins. _____ and _____ enter this passage and donate an electron. At the end _______ takes place to synthesize ______
the electron transport chain is a passage for electrons between proteins. 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 enter this passage and donate an electron. At the end chemiosmosis takes place to synthesize 28 ATP
the leading strand is elongated continuously in the _____ direction as the enzyme _____ opens up the fork
5 to 3 direction
helicase
Once ______ enters the critic acid cycle, it is immediately combined with Oxaloacetate and releases _______.
Once Acetyl CoA enters the critic acid cycle, it is immediately combined with Oxaloacetate and releases CoA-SH.
what is the difference between bacterial and eukaryotic DNA structures?
Bacteria: 1 chromosome, circular
eukaryotic, multiple chromosomes, linear