Grab Bag!
Auxin is a plant hormone that collects on the dark or shady side of a plant causing those cells to elongate and the stem to bend towards light in this plant response.
Phototropism
- it is important to know where Auxin accumulates!
This molecule found in cell membranes provides channels for molecules to pass in and out of the cell
Proteins
This organelle in the cell produces lipids.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body while the kidneys filter out toxins from the blood. Which two body systems are most directly interacting in this scenario?
Excretory and Circulatory systems
When a cell undergoes a mutation, what about their DNA changes?
The sequence of the nitrogenous bases
A potted plant is knocked over but allowed to continue growing. Because of Gravitropism, the shoots will grow in this direction.
Up!
The shoots, including the stem and leaves, will grow up against gravity in search of light for photosynthesis....but the plant is responding to gravity here!
The type of passive transport where water is transported across the cell membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Osmosis
- remember that it is passive! High to low, go with the flow!
- Transport of water is almost always osmosis in this course
Oxygen is required to convert the chemical energy in bonds of glucose to chemical energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP in this organelle.
Mitochondria
If you touch a hot stove, your neurons send a message to your circulatory system to increase blood flow. What systems are involved in this scenario?
Nervous system and circulatory system
Nucleotides in DNA are made of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. What part(s) make up the backbone of a DNA molecule?
Phosphates and Sugars
__1__ is a tissue in plants that transports water from the roots through the stem and to the leaves, while __2__ is the tissue that transports sugars made in photosynthesis throughout the plant.
1: Xylem transports water
2: Phloem transports sugar (Ph-Ph Phloem, transports F-F-food!)
Name one type of cellular transport where molecules move "down" the concentration gradient and another where they move "against" the concentration gradient.
Down: from high concentration to low concentration: EX: Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
Against: from low concentration to high concentration: EX: Active Transport
Certain viruses like HIV are not immediately targeted by the immune system because instead of making new viruses, they incorporate this molecule into host cells which is then copied every time the cell undergoes mitosis.
genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA (nucleic acids)
Certain bacteria can cause diseases in humans, but there are millions of bacteria in your intestines that help you get nutrients out of your foods and produce vitamins that keep you healthy. These bacteria are found in this body system.
Digestive system
In DNA replication, this enzyme adds new nucleotides to both of the existing template DNA strands forming two identical molecules of DNA.
DNA Polymerase
This fuzzy structure in flowers is part of the stamen and produces pollen required for sexual reproduction in plants.
Anther
If a saltwater fish was placed in freshwater, water would flow [into or out of] the cells causing the cells to [burst or shrivel] ultimately killing the fish.
If a saltwater fish was placed in freshwater, water would flow INTO the cells causing the cells to BURST ultimately killing the fish.
Remember, water moves from where there is a high water concentration to a lower water concentration. There is no higher concentration of water than 100% pure freshwater!
Chromosomes begin to align in the middle of the cell in this phase of mitosis.
Metaphase
Remember,
PROpase: chromosomes PILE up (condense)
METAphase: chromosomes align in the MIDDLE
ANAphase: Chromosomes are pulled APART
TELOphase: TWO new nuclei are formed
Mitosis is an important cellular process performed by multicellular organisms because it allows them to do this.
grow, develop, and repair damaged tissues
If a gene sequence reads:
TTT AAA GGG CCC
Then the mRNA sequence synthesized in transcription would read this.
AAA UUU CCC GGG
Imagine you take the mass of an egg and place it in a solution to observe osmosis. After several days you take the egg out of the solution and take the mass again. If the solution was isotonic to the egg, then how would the final and initial mass of the egg compare?
The mass should stay the same
or close to the same! In an isotonic solution, water moves into and out of the cell at approximately equal rates, so the final mass of the egg should be within a couple grams of the initial mass!
The cell cycle is highly regulated so new cells are only made when they are needed, but mutations can occur that cause disruptions in regulation that can lead to this disease.
Cancer and/or tumors
Remember, cancer is just unregulated cell growth and division.
This process produces four genetically unique haploid gametes used in sexually reproducing organisms.
Meiosis
This word looks really similar to mitosis! You can remember, "Meiosis- making mini ME's" and "Mitosis happens in MI TOES" to remember meiosis is involved in sexual reproduction and mitosis is involved in making new body cells...like the ones you need after scraping a toe!
The Miller Urey Experiment combined molecules in conditions that mimicked early earth conditions and produced this, which would have been required to make the first cells.
Your eyeball cells and your stomach cells produce different proteins even though they have the same DNA sequences because of this.
different genes are expressed (or turned on) in each type of cell.