Macromolecules
This reaction joins monomers together by removing a water molecule.
What is dehydration synthesis?
According to the endosymbiotic theory, these two organelles were once free-living bacteria.
What are mitochondria and chloroplasts?
This type of transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy.
What is active transport?
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
What is a chloroplast?
This stage of respiration splits one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules.
What is glycolysis?
This polysaccharide provides structural support in plant cell walls.
What is cellulose?
This cellular structure increases efficiency by dividing cellular processes into specialized compartments.
What are membranes (membrane-bound organelles)?
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is osmosis?
This gas is fixed during the Calvin cycle and ultimately becomes part of glucose.
What is carbon dioxide (CO₂)?
These electron carriers deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
What are NADH and FADH₂?
This type of biomolecule regulates most synthesis and degradation reactions in cells.
What are enzymes (proteins)?
This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
In this type of solution, an animal cell would swell because water moves into the cell.
What is a hypotonic solution?
ATP and NADPH are produced during this stage of photosynthesis.
What are the light-dependent reactions?
This process produces ATP when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase down their concentration gradient.
What is chemiosmosis?
Unlike triglycerides, these lipids contain a phosphate group and form the basis of cell membranes.
What are phospholipids?
Of the three cytoskeletal components—microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments—this one serves as tracks for many motor proteins.
What are microtubules?
This transport process uses membrane proteins but does not require ATP because molecules move down their concentration gradient.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Chlorophyll appears green because it reflects this color of light rather than absorbing it.
What is green light?
When oxygen is unavailable, cells may use this process to regenerate NAD⁺ and continue glycolysis.
What is fermentation?
A protein that loses its shape due to high temperature or extreme pH is said to undergo this process.
What is denaturation?
Cells remain small partly because increasing size decreases this important ratio.
What is the surface-area-to-volume ratio?
The bulk transport process by which a cell releases materials to the outside environment.
What is exocytosis?
During the Calvin cycle, ATP is required in the reduction and regeneration phases, while this molecule is required only during reduction.
What is NADPH?
In the overall cellular respiration equation, glucose is oxidized while this molecule is reduced.
What is oxygen (O₂)?