Gene regulation
This mutation changes one amino acid into a different amino acid.
What is a missense mutation?
This plasmid contains genes that provide bacteria with antibiotic resistance.
What is R-plasmid?
This is the protein coat that protects a virus's genetic material.
What is a capsid?
This type of immunity is present at birth and provides nonspecific protection.
What is innate immunity?
The molecule that carries genetic information and has a double-stranded helix.
What is DNA?
This bacterial gene-regulation system is activated when lactose is present.
What is the lac operon?
This form of gene transfer uses bacteriophages to move bacterial DNA.
What is transduction?
This type of virus infects bacteria.
What is a bacteriophage?
This antimicrobial enzyme breaks down peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.
What is lysozyme?
These two DNA bases pair together and form two hydrogen bonds.
What are adenine and thymine?
This mutation creates a stop codon and usually produces a shorter protein.
What is a nonsense mutation?
This type of gene transfer occurs when bacterial cells physically connect and transfer DNA.
What is conjugation?
These are the five steps of the lytic cycle, in order.
What are attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, and release?
These receptors recognize features such as microbial cell walls, flagella, and viral DNA.
What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
This molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
What is tRNA?
This type of mutation results from an insertion or deletion that changes the reading frame.
What is a frameshift mutation?
This form of horizontal gene transfer involves taking up naked DNA from the environment.
What is transformation?
This is viral DNA that has integrated into a bacterial chromosome during a lysogenic infection.
What is a prophage?
This process involves engulfing and digesting invading microbes.
What is phagocytosis?
This is the process of making RNA from a DNA template.
What is transcription?
This type of mutation changes a codon but does not change the amino acid.
What is a silent mutation?
This laboratory technique amplifies DNA and can produce billions of copies.
What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?
This infectious agent consists only of a protein and contains no nucleic acid.
What is a prion?
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
What are the signs of inflammation?
This is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
What is the central dogma?