Autonomic
This division of the autonomic nervous system predominates during "rest-and-digest" activity.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
This is the first component of a five-step reflex arc and detects a stimulus.
What is the receptor?
This cranial nerve carries the sense of smell.
What is CN I, the olfactory nerve?
These are the five primary taste sensations.
What are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami?
These photoreceptors are most important for vision in dim light.
What are rods?
This term describes an effector receiving input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
What is dual innervation?
Put these two steps in the correct order: receptor and sensory neuron.
What is receptor → sensory neuron?
This cranial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
What is CN VII, the facial nerve?
Taste receptor cells within taste buds are best described as these—not true neurons.
What are modified epithelial cells?
These photoreceptors are responsible for color vision.
What are cones?
This neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic autonomic neurons and by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
What is acetylcholine (ACh)?
Put the five components of the reflex arc in the correct order.
What is receptor → sensory/afferent neuron → integration center → motor/efferent neuron → effector?
This cranial nerve carries taste sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue.
What is CN IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Na⁺ is the chemical trigger associated with this taste sensation.
What is salty?
This structure of the retina contains a high concentration of cones and is associated with sharp visual acuity.
What is the fovea centralis?
Name the neurotransmitter released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons.
What is norepinephrine?
In the dental jaw-jerk reflex, this structure inside the masseter detects the sudden stretch caused by tapping the chin.
What is the muscle spindle?
The mandibular division of this cranial nerve carries the outgoing motor command in the jaw-jerk reflex.
What is CN V, the trigeminal nerve?
Glutamate and related compounds are associated with this taste sensation.
What is umami?
Compared with cones, these photoreceptors are more numerous in the peripheral retina.
What are rods?
Name four effects of sympathetic nervous system activation.
What are increased heart rate, bronchodilation, pupil dilation, increased sweating, and/or vasoconstriction of the skin?
A patient's chin is tapped and the masseter contracts, causing the jaw to move upward. Name the five major steps/structures involved in this reflex from stimulus detection to response.
What are masseter muscle spindle → sensory neuron → trigeminal motor nucleus → CN V3 motor pathway → masseter muscle?
According to the exam, name the five cranial nerves involved in the sense of taste.
What are CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X, and CN XII?
Put the major taste pathway in order: thalamus, nucleus solitarius, primary gustatory cortex.
What is nucleus solitarius → thalamus → primary gustatory cortex?
A defective photopsin gene can produce this type of color vision problem.
What is red-green color blindness?